1
20
135
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http://allenarchive.iac.gatech.edu/files/original/aa24200c19d4cb75029d6f75336d88bc.pdf
d6cb17683710ec241b23f50e26181c52
Scripto
Transcription
A written representation of a document.
1 .
I
.. ·-::'
.·...
... .. .
...
WITNESS LIST
Subcotnmitte~
on Executive Reotgtlftization
of the
Senate Committee on Government Operations
Tuesday, November 29
,.
. .
'
(9:30 a.m.)
David Rockefeller, President, Chase Manhattan Bank
Richard Scammon, Vice President, Governmental Affairs Institute
,! ,
Wed~esday, November 30
Roy Wilk.ins, Executive Director, National Association for the Advancement
' of Colored People
Harry Golden, author and publisher, Carolina Israelite
Honorable George Edwards, Judge,
u. s.
Court of Appeals, 6th Circuit
Dr. Robert Coles, Research Psychiatrist, Harvard University Health Services
Friday, December 2
Dr. James M. Hester, President, New York University
Dr. George Sternlieb, Professor, Rutgers University Urban Studies Center
Lees. Sterling, Executive Director, American Property Rights Association, Inc
New York City
1
Monday, December · 5
Constantinos Doxiadis, President, Doxiadis Associates, Inc.
Walter Reuther, President, United Auto Workers, (a ccompanied by Jack Conway,
Executive Director, Industrial Union Department, AFL-CIO)
.
Tuesday, December 6
A. Philip Randolph,· President, Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, (acconpanied by Bayard Rustin, Executi ve Director, A. Phili~ Randolph Institute )
Lee Rainwater, Professor of. Sociology and Anthropology, Washington University,
St. Louis, .Missouri
Anthony Dechant, President, National Farmers Union
Milton Kotl er, Institute for Policy Studies
Wednesday, December
7
Gerald L. Philliwe, Chairrea.n of the Board, General Electric Company
Dr. Philip B. Hallen, President, Y.aurice Falk Medical Fund, Pittsburgh, Pa.
James W. Rouse, President, Community Research and Development, Inc .
Jam~s H. Torrey, Senior Vice President,. a.11d Bruce P. Hayden, Vi~e ri·osi c'lent,
Connecticut General Life Insurance Company
Dr. Willia.rn. Doebele, Graduate Scho'Jl of Design, Harvard Un.-1.versity
..I •
.
�i
,
Thursday, December 8
Floyd McKissicl<:, National Director, Congress of Racial Equality
Herbert J. Gans, Senior Research Sociologist, Center for Urban Education
Joseph .Monserrat, National Director of the 11'.tigration Division, Department
of Labor of Puerto Rico
Dr. John Spiegel, Director, Center for the Study of Violence, Branddeis
University
F~iday, Dece~ber 9
Budd Schulberg, author, (accompanied by Yir. Harry E. Dolan, Vil'. Johnie Sc?tt,
and Yir . Stan Sanders)
.......
Derek V. Roemer, Psychologist, National Institute of Mental Health
Helen Peterson, Director of Community Relations, Denver, Colorado
Monday, December 12
Reverend Leon H. Sullivan, Chairman, Board of Directors, Opportunities
Industrialization Center, Philadelphia, Pa.
~Irs. Hortense Gabel, Former Administrator, City Rent and Rehabilitation
Administration, New Yorl( City
'
Tuesday,· December 1~
Daniel P. Moynihan, Director, Joint Center for Urban Studies, Harvard-MIT
Herbert J. Sturz, Director, Vera Institute of Justice, New York City
Dr. Kenneth B. Clark, Director, Social Dynamics Research Institute, City
College of New York
Edward J. Logue, Administrator, Boston Redevelopment Authority
Wednesday, December 14
McGeoree Bundy, President, Ford Foundation
vfnitney M. Young, Jr., Executive Director, National Urban Lea,eue
Howard R. Leary, Commissioner of Poli ce, New York City
Thursday, December 15
Dr . Martin Luther King,
rr~sj_(lfmt ,
Sonthern Chrlst:l.an
T.e:=i.dP.:1.·sb :tr Con:feJ:.--n~e
�
Text
A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.
Text
Any textual data included in the document
WITNESS LIST
Subcommittee on Executive Reorganization
of the
Senate Committee on Government Operations
Tuesday, Novenber 29 (9:30 a.m.)
David Rockefeller, President, Chase Manhattan Bank
Richard Scammon, Vice President, Governmental Affairs Institute
Wednesday, November 30
Roy Wilkins, Executive Director, National Association for the Advancement
‘of Colored People
Harry Golden, author and publisher, Carolina Israelite
Honorable George Edwards, Judge, U. S. Court of Appeals, 6th Circuit
Dr. Robert Coles, Research Psychiatrist, Harvard University Health Services
Friday, December 2
Dr. James M. Hester, President, New York University
Dr. George Sternlieb, Professor, Rutgers University Urban Studies Center
Lee S. Sterling, Executive Director, American Property Rights Association, inc
New York City
a
Monday, December’ 5
Constantinos Doxiadis, President, Doxiadis Associates, Inc.
Walter Reuther, President, United Auto Workers, (accompanied by Jack Convey,
Executive Director, Industrial Union Department, AFL-CIO)
Tuesday, December 6
A. Philip Randolph,: President, Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, (accon-
panied by Bayard Rustin, Executive Director, A. Philip Randolph Institute)
Lee Rainwater, Professor of. Sociology end Anthropology, Washington University,
St. Louis, Missouri
Anthony Dechant, President, National Farmers Union
Milton Kotler, Institute for Policy Studies
Wednesday, December 7
Gerald L. Phillippe, Chairman of the Board, General Electric Company
Dr. Philip B. Hallen, President, Maurice Falk Medical Fund, Pittsburgh, Pa.
James W. Rouse, President, Community Research and Development, Inc.
James H. Torrey, Senior Vice President, and Bruce P. Hayden, Vice Prosident,
Connecticut General Life Insurance Company
Dr. William Doebele, Graduate School of Design, Harvard University
Thursday, December 8
Floyd McKissick, National Director, Congress of Racial Equality
Herbert J. Gans, Senior Research Sociologist, Center for Urban Education
Joseph Monserrat, National Director of the Migration Division, Department
of Labor of Puerto Rico
Dr. John Spiegel, Director, Center for the Study of Violence, Branddeis
. University
Friday, December 9
Budd Schulberg, author, (accompanied by Mr. Harry E. Dolan, Mr. Johnie Scotti,
and Mr. Stan Sanders)
Derek V. Roemer, Psychologist, National Institute of Mental Health
Helen Peterson, Director of Community Relations, Denver, Colorado
Monday, December 12
Reverend Leon H. Sullivan, Chairman, Board of Directors, Opportunities
industrialization Center, Philadelphia, Pa.
Mrs. Hortense Gabel, Former Administrator, City Rent and Rehabilitation
Administration, New York City
Tuesday, December 13
Daniel P. Moynihan, Director, Joint Center for Urban Studies, Harvard-MIT
Herbert J. Sturz, Director, Vera Institute of Justice, New York City
Dr. Kenneth B. Clark, Director, Social Dynamics Research Institute, City
College of New York
Edward J. Logue, Administrator, Boston Redevelopment Authority
Wednesdey, December 14
McGeorge Bundy, President, Ford Foundation
Whitney M. Young, Jr., Executive Director, National Urban League
Howard R. Leary, Commissioner of Police, New York City
Thursday, December 15
Dr. Martin Luther ing, President, Southern Christian Teadership Conference
Dublin Core
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Title
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Box 22, Folder 19, Document 16
Box 22
Box 22 Folder 19
Event: new york city
Folder topic: Task Force on Cities | 1966
Geopolitical Entity: center
Geopolitical Entity: colorado
Geopolitical Entity: denver
Geopolitical Entity: missouri
Geopolitical Entity: New York City
Geopolitical Entity: pa.
Geopolitical Entity: philadelphia
Geopolitical Entity: pittsburgh
Geopolitical Entity: puerto rico
Geopolitical Entity: st. louis
Organization: american property rights association
Organization: board of directors
Organization: Boston Redevelopment Authority
Organization: center for urban education
Organization: chase manhattan bank
Organization: city college of new
Organization: city rent and rehabilitation administration
Organization: community relations
Organization: community research and development, inc.
Organization: congress of racial equality
Organization: connecticut general life insurance company
Organization: department of labor
Organization: doxiadis associates, inc.
Organization: ford foundation
Organization: general electric company
Organization: governmental affairs institute
Organization: graduate school of design
Organization: harvard
Organization: harvard university
Organization: harvard university health services
Organization: industrial union department
Organization: institute for policy studies
Organization: joint center for urban studies
Organization: lee rainwater
Organization: maurice falk medical fund
Organization: national
Organization: national association for the advancement
Organization: national farmers union
Organization: national institute of mental health
Organization: national urban league
Organization: new york university
Organization: opportunities
Organization: rutgers university urban studies center
Organization: social dynamics research institute
Organization: subcommittee on executive reorganization
Organization: the board
Organization: the migration division
Organization: the senate committee on government operations
Organization: the study of violence
Organization: u. s. court of appeals
Organization: united auto workers
Organization: university
Organization: vera institute of justice
Organization: washington university
Person: a. philip randolph
Person: a. philip randolph institute
Person: anthony dechant
Person: bayard rustin
Person: bruce p. hayden
Person: carolina israelite
Person: daniel p. moynihan
Person: david rockefeller
Person: derek v. roemer
Person: edward j. logue
Person: floyd mckissick
Person: george sternlieb
Person: gerald l. phillippe
Person: harry e. dolan
Person: harry golden
Person: helen peterson
Person: herbert j. gans
Person: herbert j. sturz
Person: honorable george edwards
Person: hortense gabel
Person: howard r. leary
Person: jack convey
Person: james h. torrey
Person: james m. hester
Person: james w. rouse
Person: john spiegel
Person: johnie scotti
Person: joseph monserrat
Person: kenneth b. clark
Person: lee s. sterling
Person: leon h. sullivan
Person: martin luther
Person: mcgeorge bundy
Person: milton kotler
Person: philip b. hallen
Person: research psychiatrist
Person: research sociologist
Person: richard scammon
Person: robert coles
Person: roy wilkins
Person: stan sanders
Person: walter reuther
Person: whitney m. young
Person: william doebele
-
http://allenarchive.iac.gatech.edu/files/original/f6570a7bc5b2c77b56075c07a1148477.pdf
1d09b0aaaf2d1c0519ca74ec4e10b36b
Scripto
Transcription
A written representation of a document.
December 12, 1966
MEMORANDUM
TO: Ivan
FROM: Ann
RE: Special Task Force meeting in Washington
I talked with Ardee Ames and the meeting is set for Thursday, December 15th at 10:00 a.m. I explained to him you inability to get there before noon, and he said that it usually took them an hour or so to warm up.
At the luncheon, Mr. Chester Rapkin, who was Chairman of the study group last year, will talk about how they went about what they did.
The meeting will be in room 444, Executive Office Building, and the luncheon will be in the cafeteria in the same building. You should go to room 444, and if they have left, check by room 237 (Ardee Ames office) for instructions where to meet for lunch.
You are confirmed as follows :
EASTERN flight 130, leave Atlanta 10:35
Arrive Washington National 12:00
EASTERN flight 137, Leave Washington National 5:40 p.m.
Non - stop to Atlanta 7:12 (dinner served)
Also at this meeting, plans will be made as how to continue in January, with interviews, etc. It sounds like a rather important meeting .
Text
A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.
Text
Any textual data included in the document
December 12, 1966
MEMORANDUM
TO: Ivan
FROM: Ann
RE: Special Task Force meeting in Washington
I talked with Ardee Ames and the meeting is set for Thursday, December 15th at 10:00 a.m. I explained to him you inability to get there before noon, and he said that it usually took them an hour or so to warm up.
At the luncheon, Mr. Chester Rapkin, who was Chairman of the study group last year, will talk about how they went about what they did.
The meeting will be in room 444, Executive Office Building, and the luncheon will be in the cafeteria in the same building. You should go to room 444, and if they have left, check by room 237 (Ardee Ames office) for instructions where to meet for lunch.
You are confirmed as follows :
EASTERN flight 130, leave Atlanta 10:35
Arrive Washington National 12:00
EASTERN flight 137, Leave Washington National 5:40 p.m.
Non - stop to Atlanta 7:12 (dinner served)
Also at this meeting, plans will be made as how to continue in January, with interviews, etc. It sounds like a rather important meeting .
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Box 22, Folder 19, Document 15
Box 22
Box 22 Folder 19
Event: ann re : special task force
Folder topic: Task Force on Cities | 1966
Geopolitical Entity: Atlanta
Geopolitical Entity: Washington DC
Organization: ardee ames
Organization: atlanta 10:35
Organization: eastern
Organization: executive office building
Organization: leave washington national
Person: chester rapkin
Person: Ivan Allen
-
http://allenarchive.iac.gatech.edu/files/original/158939ec76da00cf789e955b154227d3.pdf
09bd655a42769051a2d9e819229e123c
Scripto
Transcription
A written representation of a document.
FINANCING METHODS
PUBLIC HOUSING ADMINISTRATION
The 1965 Housing Act authorizes the Public Housing Authority to fund the
purchase and rehabilitation of existing structures through local Housing
Authorities.
0
This program permits local Housing Authorities to contract a property purchase and rehabilitation with a builder. Upon project completion, the
builder is reimbursed for total project costs (land acquisition-rehabilitati~n).
The project title and management reverts to the local Housing Authority.
FNMA financing is not included in this provision. · The Public Housing
Authority makes theappraisal, reviews cost contracts and will accept a
cost figure from a bui Ider without competitive bids. Upon completion,
the project is turned over (turnkey) to the local Housing Authority .
The one requirement under this program stipulates that acquisition and
rehabilitation costs do not exceed 90%. new construction costs.
FM7
5-11-66
�r-------
I
1965 HOUSING ACT: Contains new legislation that provides a below
market interest rate (3%) on rehabilitation financing for non-profit
sponsors and Iimi ted profit corporations.
221 (d)3: 1965 Housing Act provision that defines financial methods
available to non-profit sponsors and limited profit corporations.
· The non-profit sponsor category has two provisions:
I) Non-£rofit sponsor who holds property title .
Reha ilitates and continues ownership.
· 2) Builder-Seller who purchases and rehabilitates the property
under an agreement with a non-profit sponsor to purchase
the property upon rehabilitation completion.
221 (d)3 provides a 100% total mortgage (acquisition , reconstruction)
at 3% for 40 years.
221 (d)3 Limited Dividend Sponsor· - Limited to 90% total mortgage at 3%
for 40 years. Investment return on 10% equity is limited to 6%.
221 (d)4 Conventional FHA Financing - Limits sponsors to 90% total
mortgage at 5¼% for 40 years.
.
·,
--
�; id
9
Ef_,.14 =::±
FINANCING METHODS
.,
1965 HOUSING ACT
·Section 221 (D) (3)
LIMITED DIVIDEND SPONSOR
-
Agrees to a 6% return on initial
investment.
Mortgage Terms
-
90% total project cost {land
acquisition-rehabilitation) at 3% for
40 years . *
A limited dividend sponsor must have 10% equity in the total project cost .
. (Example)
·O
Building Purchase Price
Rehabi Ii tat ion Costs
$30,000
170,000
Total Project Costs
$200,000
Final FNMA mortgage at
90% projec~ cost
$180, 000
10% investme nt (equity)
$ 20 , 000
6% re turn on investment
a ll owed under this provision
$ I ~ 200 per year ·
40 year maximum under law . Actual term d~termined by local FHA.
C
-FM3
5-11 -66
�FINANCING METHODS
1965 HOUSING ACT
Section 221 (D) (3)
BUILDER-SELLER
-
Bui Ider purchases property with agreement to
sel I property to a non-profit sponsor ofter
property has been rehobi Iitoted.
Mortgage Terms
-
100% total project cost (land ocquisitionrehobil itotion) at 3% for 40 years. *
Assigns 100% mortgage to non-profit sponsor
upon job completion.
C
Property. Title
-
Is transferred to non-profit sponsor ofter FHA
final inspection upon job completion .
Invested Monies
-
(Some as non-profit sponsor) .
Mortgage Loon
-
3% interest (below market rote) by FNMA
after FHA insures loon ofter rehobi Ii tot ion
job completion .
100% mortgage is assigned non-profit sponsor.
FNMA reimburses property purchase price.
FNMA reimburses rehabilitation cost.
FNMA reimburses incidental fees .
Construction loon
-
(Some a s no n-profit sponsor)
Fi no l Settl ement
-
(Sa me as no n-profit sponsor)
Upo n fi nol rnortgage sett Iement, property ownership and management is the responsibility of the
non-profit sponsor.
40 year mox.imum under low . Ac tual term determi ned by local FHA .
FM2
5 - 11-66
�=
FINANCING METHODS
1965 HOUSING ACT
Section 221 (D) (3)
NON-PROFIT SPONSOR
0
Foundation, church, university, etc., incorporated as a non-profit organization.
Mortgage Terms
-
100% total project cost (lal"!d acquisition rehabil itation) at 3% for 40 years. * ·
Property Title
-
Must be held for mortgage term .
Invested Monies
-
Property purchase (FNMA) reimbursed after
(FHA) final inspection upon project completion.
Mortgage Loan
- · .3% interest (below market rate) by FNMA after
FHA insures loan. FNMA mortgage loan made
after final FHA inspection upon job completion.
Construction Loan
-
For actual rehabilitation costs made by private
lending institution to non-profit sponsor as a
temporary loan until final FNMA mortgage loan ·
is closed. The construction loan is made in
timed stages as rehab iii tat ion costs become due .
Construction loan insured by FHA.
Final Mortgage Settlement - · Permanent FNMA mortgage finalized . Pri vate
I ending inst itut ion repaid construction loan by
FNMA.
Final mortgage balance minus constructi o n loan
payment awa rded to non - profit sponsor by FNMA .
(Thi s ba l once covers property purc hase and o ther
fees, e.g~, archite c t , legal ' ·, etc.)
Non-profit sponsor pays mortgage for term set in
mortgage from property rentals.
C
40 year maximum under low . Actual term determined by local FHA.
FMl
5-11-66
�=----= =
-·
C
FINANCING METHODS
1965 HOUSING ACT
Section 221 (D) (4)
I
I
f
C
.CONVENTIONAL FHA FINANCING
-
Mortgage Terms
-
For individuals 9r groues who do
not qualify under 221 (D) (3)
provision!;.
90 % total project cost (land
acquisition-rehabilitation) at
. 5¼% for 40 years.*
Al I other 221. (D) (3) financing provisions apply except private lending
institutions lend the monies instead of FNMA.
Under this provision, there is no I imit on amount of return on initial
investment.
40 year maximum under law. Actual term determined by local FHA.
c_
FM5
5-11-66
I
�
Text
A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.
Text
Any textual data included in the document
FINANCING METHODS
PUBLIC HOUSING ADMINISTRATION
The 1965 Housing Act authorizes the Public Housing Authority to fund the
purchase and rehabilitation of existing structures through local Housing
Authorities.
This program permits local Housing Authorities to contract a property pur-
chase and rehabilitation with a builder. Upon project completion, the
builder is reimbursed for total project costs (land acquisition-rehabilitation).
The project title and management reverts to the local Housing Authority.
FNMA financing is not included in this provision.: The Public Housing
Authority makes the appraisal, reviews cost contracts and will accept a
cost figure from a builder without competitive bids. Upon completion,
the project is turned over (turnkey) to the local Housing Authority.
The one requirement under this program stipulates that acquisition and
rehabilitation costs do not exceed 90% new construction costs.
1965 HOUSING ACT: Contains new legislation that provides a below
market interest rate (3%) on rehabilitation financing for non-profit
sponsors and limited profit corporations.
221(d)3: 1965 Housing Act provision that defines financial methods
available to non-profit sponsors and limited profit corporations.
The non-profit sponsor category has two provisions:
1) Non-profit sponsor who holds property title.
Rehabilitate and continues ownership.
2) Builder-Seller who purchases and rehabilitates the property
under an agreement with a non-profit sponsor to purchase
the property upon rehabilitation completion.
221(d)3 provides a 100% total mortgage (acquisition, reconstruction)
at 3% for 40 years.
221(d)3 Limited Dividend Sponsor - Limited to 90% total mortgage at 3%
for 40 years. Investment return on 10% equity is limited to 6%.
221(d)4 Conventional FHA Financing - Limits sponsors to 90% total
mortgage at 54% for 40 years.
FINANCING METHODS
1965 HOUSING ACT
‘Section 221 (D) (3)
LIMITED DIVIDEND SPONSOR = Agrees to a 6% return on initial
investment.
Mortgage Terms - 90% total project cost (land
acquisition-rehabilitation) at 3% for
- 40 years.* ;
A limited dividend sponsor must have 10% equity in the total project cost.
. (Example)
Building Purchase Price $ 30,000
Rehabilitation Costs 170,000
Total Project Costs $200, 000
Final FNMA mortgage at
90% project cost $180,000
10% investment (equity) $ 20,000
6% return on investment
allowed under this provision $ 1,200 per year
* 40 year maximum under law. Actual term determined by local FHA.
FM3
5-11-66
ee ee ——————— SS
FINANCING METHODS
1965 HOUSING ACT
Section 221 (D) (3)
BUILDER-SELLER - Builder purchases property with agreement to
sell property to a non-profit sponsor after
property has been rehabilitated.
Mortgage Terms — - 100% total project cost (land acquisition-
rehabilitation) at 3% for 40 years. *
Assigns 100% mortgage to non-profit sponsor
upon job completion.
Property. Title - Is transferred to non-profit sponsor after FHA
final inspection upon job completion.
Invested Monies - (Same as non-profit sponsor) .
C)
Mortgage Loan - 3% interest (below market rate) by FNMA
after FHA insures loan after rehabilitation
job completion.
100% mortgage is assigned non-profit sponsor.
FNMA reimburses property purchase price.
FNMA reimburses rehabilitation cost.
FNMA reimburses incidental fees.
Construction Loan - (Same as non-profit sponsor)
Final Settlement - (Same as non-profit sponsor)
Upon final mortgage settlement, property owner-
ship and management is the responsibility of the
non-profit sponsor.
* 40 year maximum under law. Actual term determined by local FHA.
FM2
5-11-66
FINANCING METHOD$
1965 HOUSING ACT
Section 221 (D) (3)
NON-PROFIT SPONSOR
Mortgage Terms
Property Title
Invested Monies -
Mortgage Loan
Construction Loan
Final Mortgage Settlement
Foundation, church, university, etc., incor-
porated as a non-profit organization.
100% total project cost (land acquisition-
rehabilitation) at 3% for 40 years. *
Must be held for mortgage term.
Property purchase (FNMA) reimbursed after
(FHA) final inspection upon project completion.
3% interest (below market rate) by FNMA after
FHA insures loan. FNMA mortgage loan made
after final FHA inspection upon job compl etion.
For actual rehabilitation costs made by private
lending institution to non-profit sponsor as a
temporary loan until final FNMA mortgage loan
is closed. The construction loan is made in
timed stages as rehabilitation costs become due.
Construction loan insured by FHA.
~ Permanent FNMA mortgage finalized. Private
lending institution repaid construction loan by
FNMA.
Final mortgage balance minus construction loan
payment awarded to non-profit sponsor by FNMA.
(This balance covers property purchase and other
fees, e.g., architect, legal, etc.)
Non-profit sponsor pays mortgage for term set in
mortgage from property rentals.
* 40 year maximum under law. Actual term determined by local FHA.
©)
oe ee ee
FINANCING METHODS
1965 HOUSING ACT
Section 221 (D) (4)
CONVENTIONAL FHA FINANCING = For individuals or groups who do
_ not qualify under 221 (D) (3)
provisions.
Mortgage Terms - 90% total project cost (land
acquisition-rehabilitation) at
54% for 40 years. *
All other 221 (D) (3) financing provisions apply except private lending
institutions lend the monies instead of FNMA.
Under this provision, there is no limit on amount of return on initial
investment,
* 40 year maximum under law. Actual term determined by local FHA.
FMS
5-11-66
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Box 22, Folder 19, Document 14
Box 22
Box 22 Folder 19
Event: housing act
Event: housing act ‘section 221
Event: housing act section
Folder topic: Task Force on Cities | 1966
Law: housing act
Organization: ———————
Organization: ~ permanent fnma
Organization: FHA
Organization: financing methods
Organization: fms
Organization: fnma
Organization: fnma.
Organization: foundation
Organization: housing authorities
Organization: limited dividend sponsor - limited
Organization: non
Organization: rehabilitation costs 170,000 total project costs
Organization: the local housing authority
Organization: the public housing authority
Organization: upon
Person: builder-seller
Person: contains
Person: non
-
http://allenarchive.iac.gatech.edu/files/original/88c7bdec927b80baf4cf92a14a8412af.pdf
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Scripto
Transcription
A written representation of a document.
·,_. ,,
10/24/ 66
NEW PROGRfMS
of- the
DEPARTMENT OF HOUSIHG AND UTIB:'\N" DEVELOIMENT
Initiated {or to be I nitiatea)under Legisl ation ·
Enacted from J une 30, 1; 61 t o Date
l ·.
MAJOR NEW PROGRAMS OF SPECIAL SOCIAL OR ECONO.\fJ:C JMPORTANCE
Bel ow- market interest rate FHA rental housing f or l ow- and moderateincome families .
Urban mass transportation mat chin{J grants .
1965 ·
Rent supplements for special categories of low-income families occupying
ne r l ow- cost FHA housing .
?48.tching grants f or basic ,rater and sewer facilities .
Matching grants for nei ghborhood facili ties .
Demonstration cities pro~.
Supplemental incentive grants for pl.e.nned metropolitan developi!lent ,
Mortgage insurance progrm for "new coomunities" .
FNMA "pa.rtic1pa.tion sales " program for obligations of Department and other
Government agencies.
2~
OTHER SUBSTANTIAL NEW PROGRAMS
Matching grants for open space land acquisition.
Grants tor demonstrat ions of new or improved means of providing housing
for low-income famil i es .
..
-
�. ,·
2
Mortgage i ninu"ance 'Utidi.;;r new 1ong;-term l ow- downpa.y.m.ent sal ®t~ b.oudng
pro~n~
Loans i'ol" mass t rans"" r t.at ion fa.cilities!I
ill.
d gl~a..11.ts :tor mss trans-
p.ortation deaonstr~
t.icnu ~
Direct l oa.n.s a t 3 per·~ent 'for rehabilit-a.tion of hou::;ing or business
prop..-:;rties i n urban r tm.,,,.-:al {'~a.;; .
Mt.1.tchin;g' g;ranta to St;; t e s
Clea:r-inghouse s -e r1ice and technical. a::rni:,;-ta.nce f"or S-w.tes al".d localities
on COJmlIU.nity and metropolits-...n ;,, evclopm.ont. pro'olems .
teasing of private 00 sing fo~ lo'W'--incm· e f&iilies und "'X' public housine,
1
progr~ of Departm nt.
�------
-.
,·
,;,.
·.....
·.. . .
3
-1966
.Vatchi:ng grants tor u1;ban iu.fo:l'."n!a . io:a .cen.t--~r~ and 'technical as$btance
tor sn-!!Ul c:ities.
l':11\ mrlgag~ insurru1.ce pl'O~ :for b~ low-m.M"ket. i11.teNst rate sales
housing for low... incomc .f'-.J:..ailies ~ (rehabilitation by nonprofit coi-porations )
Va.riety of financial a..sd:;t~c-:... t :, th"' : res~tion c.nd :it~tort;i;'i;ion
of bisto:rie structures
il-nd arear. o
Research progr~ on co,trt r~du.ctio:-1 ~ect:niquc;j :for lwusing construction
and :rerabilltation a nd urb3.n devol.op~nt .
ienea.reb p:r..og.ram on tictiotl~ to imp.rove undc:tstll.nd.:ing ~nd impl--ove.~ent
or urban envil"oninont.
�
Text
A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.
Text
Any textual data included in the document
i.
2.
te wettest 10/24/66
oo NEW PROGRAMS
DEPARTMENT OF HOUSING AND URBAN DEVELOPMENT
Initiated (or to be Initiated) under Legislation °
Fnected from June 30, 1901 to Date
MAJOR NEW PROGRAMS OF SPECTAL SOCTAL OR ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE
1961
Below-market interest rate FHA rental housing for lowe and moderate.
income families.
1964
Urban mass transportation matching grants.
1965 ©
Rent supplements for special categories of loweincome conte Se eee
new low-cost FHA housing.
Matching grants for basic water and sewer facilities.
Matching grants for neighborhood facilities.
1966
Demonstration cities program.
Supplemental incentive grants for planned metropolitan development.
Mortgage insurance program for ae commnities",
FNMA “participation sales" program for obligations of Department end other
Governnent agencies.
OTHER SUBSTANTIAL NEW PROGRAMS
1961
Matching grants for open space land acquisition.
Grants for demonstrations of new or improved means of providing housing
for low-income families,
wo special loan iusurance programe for housing rehabilitetion.
Mortgege insurance under new long-term low-downpeyment sales housing
program.
Mortgage insurance for experimental housing.
Mortgage insurance fox condominiums.
Toans for mass transportation facilities, and grents for mass trans-
portation demonstrations.
196!
Direct leans at 3 percent for rehabilitation of housing or business
properties in urban renewal areas. ‘
Fellowships for city plenning and urben studies.
Matching grants to States for training urben professional personnel’ .
Mortgage insugance for rehabilitation loans outside urban renewal areas.
“Relocation adjustment payments” to displaced famtlies and businesses.
1265
Clearinghouse service and technical assistance for States and localities
on commmity and metropolitan development problema,
Matching grants for demolition of unsafe structures.
Rehsbilitation grants to bomeewners in urban renewal areas.
Leasing of private housing for levw-income femiiies uader public housing
program of Department. - ;
Matching granta for urban beautification.
Matching grants for advance acquisition of land for public facilities.
Matching grants for code enforcement in deteriorating areas.
Mortgage insurance for development of land for subdivisions.
Mortgage ineurance for veterans homes,
1965
Matching grants for urban information centers and technical agsistance
for small cities.
Mortgage insurance for group medical practice facilities.
FHA mortgage insurance program for below-market interest rate sales :
housing for low-income families, (rehabilitation by nonprofit corporations)
Variety of financial asgistance to the preservation and restoration
of historic structures and areas.
Teans and grants for Alaske housing.
Provision of Metropolitan Expediters.
Research program on cost reduction techniques for housing construction
and rehabilitation and urban development.
Research program on actions to improve understanding and Improvement
of urban environment.
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Title
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Box 22, Folder 19, Document 13
Box 22
Box 22 Folder 19
Folder topic: Task Force on Cities | 1966
Geopolitical Entity: states
Organization: department end other governnent
Organization: FHA
Organization: improvement
Organization: initiated
Organization: new programs department of housing and urban development initiated
Organization: new programs of spectal
Organization: provision of metropolitan expediters
Organization: urban
Person: 1965
Person: below-market
Person: importance
Person: matching
Person: rehsbilitation
-
http://allenarchive.iac.gatech.edu/files/original/403f5e83cb568c88b4caf7ea74a95f0d.pdf
0c0cafb89b453307c0d926d71d77ffb1
Scripto
Transcription
A written representation of a document.
r
-
I
MEETING OF TASK FORCE ON CITIES
Washington, October 28, 1966
Rough Notes taken by Paul Ilvisaker
Distri but i on : -
Dr . Julian Levi
Honorable Ivan Allen
Mr . Ben Alexander
Mr . Edwin C. Berry
Mr . stuart Chapin
Mr . Anthony Downs
Professor John Dunlop
Mr. Ezra Ehrenkrant z
Mr. Ralph Helstein
Dr. Theodore Sizer
Mr. Ar Dee Ames
I
�Notes taken at meeting with Joe Califano, White House, Saturday, October 22, 1966
Mr. Califano
The Task Force is to have a short and long-range agenda with respective deadlines
being December 1 and June 1.
For the short-range the questions:-
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
( 5)
Should we encourage home-ownership in the slums and if so by what methods?
Does the idea of an urban development corporation for rehabilitation make
sense?
How can we honor the Presidential pledge to prov ide legal services for
tenants in the ghetto?
How can we honor the Presidential pledge for neighborhood service centers?
What about the proposed metropolitan expediter?
Task Force should proceed without constraints of costs and politics.
We should
keep in mind several other task forces operating in areas close to ours.
For
example, the "In-House" task force under Shriver to develop more permanent answers
to the hot summer problem.
Another headed by Bill Carmichael on personnel for the
Great Society .
The subject of transportation is currently being thoroughly examined with a view
towards setting up a new Department of Transportationj to that extent it's not a
subject on our task force's agenda.
Two Congressional committees having the same personnel will be holding hearings
during our tenure.
One chaired by Senator Muskie, exploring the proposal for a
domestic security council.
The second chaired by Senator Ribicoff which will
resume in December will not call government witnesses for a while.
It will con centrate first on non-governmental experts, beginning with the problems of data
and areal power arrangements.
Meeting with Secretary Weaver
Concerned with:(1)
(2)
( 3)
the development of national urban policy respecting migration and location of
the national populationj
encouraging a more positive role by the states in urban policy developmentj
metropolitan organization.
Robert C. Wood
Under Secretary
Department of Housing and Urban Developmen~
HUD is now concerned with several major pr ob~ems:-
�-2-
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
working at s cale: fo r example, they now have $2 billion of urban
renewal appli cations with only $200 million available;
building up the staff ing c apabilitie s of the Department;
general r eorgani zation;
de-centralization of HUD operations -- bett er informat i on systems are
needed if de- centralization is to b e carried out.
The new programs occupying HUD' s attention of late: "model" cities; new
connnunities; expediter; metr opolitan desks; metropolitan planning.
HUD has been pr oceeding on the strategy of open opti ons; the expansion of free
choice for the individual; model for neighborhood facilities; home ownership
& jobs in the ghetto; provide count erparts f or the public s ector.
Wood's adv i ce t o the Task Force:(1)
Address ourselves to thoughts about cities; not only response t o them
and t he ir needs.
(2)
Concent r at e on t he infra-struct ure in research & training .
has been manpower .
Real constraint
M. Cart er McFarland
Assistant Commissioner f or Progr ams
FHA
Has been working c l os el y with Henry Schecht er
c~ec k out t he i dea of indi genous ownership of
wi th as s ympatheti c an out l ook a s possi ble.
vi nced ther e i s no s ingl e panacea; I det ected
he t ried to allow i n hi s di sc uss i ons.
sinc e they were assi gned t o
s l um pr operty . They have begun
At t he v ery l ea st t hey are conmor e of a grain of cyni c ism than
They start from a few b a s i c statistics : 9 milli on sub -st andar d dwelling units
nat i onwi de; of which 48% are owner -oc c upi ed and 52% re nted.
However , a gre at
v ari ance between centra l c i ty and s uburb. - -r n the s l ums : 21% owner- occupi ed
and 79% rented -- in the suburbs : 52% owner- occupi ed and 48% rented.
It is thei r impression that absent ee owners are le s s r espons ive to mai ntenanc e
eff orts than owners who occupy.
Al s o that absent ee ownershi p i s incr eas i ng
and getting "less desi rab l e . "
They fee l that ownership ha sn't been str es s ed as part of urba n re newal and
0E0 operations.
Some proposal s:
(1 )
(2 )
(3)
tie in any program wi th the mode l cit i es program which
offers supporting services;
use the urba n devel opment corporat i on if l egislated;
allow for several forms of ownership ranging from
individual ownership to cooperat i ve.
�-3Task Force questions included:-
.
(1)
Are there other and more effective techniques for getting the desired
results other than encouraging ownership?
(2)
Can you use old and new techniques for driving down the costs of property
in the slum areas?
These costs are now being sustained by present governmental programs.
(3)
Wha~ can we say about the possibility of "steady state" maintenance?
(4)
Aren't we trying to eliminate slums and how does slum ownership fit
into that objective?
William D. Carey
Assistant Director
Bureau of the Budget
So far no comprehensive strategy has been arrived at in the federal government
replying to varying proposals for the neighborhood information service centers.
During the summer several agencies produced "talking documents" for the Cabinet
Cormnitt ee.
Then the President's Syracuse speech "overtook" the Task Force with
a . "get cracking" order. . There emerged a servic e group for the facilities approach
of HUD, the latter focusing on recreation, etc.
They were then talking about
$50 million drawn from "pooled" program monies.
Presently they are thinking of experiments in 14 cities of 3 classes -- the sponsor. ing coalition would be OEO , HUD, Labor and HEW.
The purpose would be to provide
one-stop soc ial services to use 3 different models.
Physical facilities would
not be the primary emphasis.
The key would be to br ing toget her all serv i ces and
clients and evaluate the experiments.
Ralph Tayl or
As si stant Secretar y for Demon st rat ions and Int er governmental Relations
HUD
If model cities program is to succeed, need a rehabilitation industry of a scale
that hasn't yet emerged.
Industry, large contractors and labor ar e s~itti sh.
The proposed UDC approach using low interest rates and much volume as l evers,
hopefully might break through. The question remains whether the UDC would have
its own H&D or let industry do this according to performance standar d s that UDC
would set.
Major questions have to do with the market .
Another question has
to do with local mechanisms.
Indi genous c9operatives might be one answer.
'
As for the proposed expediter -- it ' s now be ing c alled a representative.
It
should not be confused with the idea of the metropolitan coordinator which is
dead.
The representative is to be the federal "pr esence " -- housed in HUD but
�-4available to all agencies.
It would be a source of information on federal
· programs; clearing house; .liaison; feedback; facilitator.
HUD is ready to
go in six experimental cities not necessarily the model c ities and concentrating
on state capitals .
. Martin Richman
Off ice of Legal Couns el
Department of Justic e
The Attorney General ' s work with landlord-tenant relations has taken its marching
orders from the Syr acuse speech .
It will Qe cal ling a conference in early
December .
They will be apparently concerned with tax incentives, though they are
not deali ng directly wi th the que st i on of r educi ng local property taxation .
. Comments from Task Force
Mayor Allen
Nat urally and necessaril y i s conc erned with i mmediate probl ems especi ally the
need for publi c hous ing and the problems of race and minoritie s.
Mr. Helstein
Agr ees that t he most pr essing prob lem is t hat of the ghetto.
Mr. Downs
·Disagr ees wit h Secr et ary Wirtz i f i t means forgetting the immediate probl ems
of the ghetto and r a ce.
Dr . Chapin
Especially c oncerned with three sub j ects :
(1) Impact on l ivi ng patt ern s of t he short er work week .
(2 ) · Emerging urban form; concentrating on the inner - cit y a nd regi onal arrangement s
necessary to get linear development .
(3) The dynamite of the central city -- wondering if there isn ' t a General Gavin
idea of enclaves of development.
Mr . Ehrenkrant z
Two matters on his mind:
(1 )
(2 )
urban development corporation
developing the data systems and inventory we need
on an accumulat ing basis.
Mr. Alexander
Impressed with the fundamental outline of the urban problem. We have neither
a theory on which to operate nor criteria by whi ch to measure purp0se.
�
Text
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Text
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MEETING OF TASK FORCE ON CITIES
Washington, October 28, 1966
Rough Notes taken by Paul Ylvisaker
Distribution: -
Dr. Julian Levi
Honorable Ivan Allen
Mr. Ben Alexander
Mr. Edwin C. Berry
Mr. Stuart Chapin
Mr. Anthony Downs
Professor John Dunlop
Mr. Ezra Ehrenkrantz
Mr. Ralph Helstein
Dr. Theodore Sizer
Mr. ArDee Ames
Notes taken at meeting with Joe Califano, White House, Saturday, October 22, 1966
Mr. Califano
The Task Force is to have a short and long-range agenda with respective deadlines
being December 1 and June l. For the short-range the questions:-
(1) Should we encourage home-ownership in the slums and if so by what methods?
(2) Does the idea of an urban development corporation for rehabilitation make
sense?
(3) How can we honor the Presidential pledge to provide legal services for
tenants in the ghetto? ;
(4) How can we honor the Presidential pledge for neighborhood service centers?
(5) What about the proposed metropolitan expediter?
Task Force should proceed without constraints of costs and politics. We should
keep in mind several other task forces operating in areas close to ours. For
example, the "In-House" task force under Shriver to develop more permanent answers
to the hot summer problem. Another headed by Bill Carmichael on personnel for the
Great Society.
The subject of transportation is currently being thoroughly examined with a view
towards setting up a new Department of Transportation; to that extent it's not a
subject on our task force's agenda.
Two Congressional committees having the same personnel will be holding hearings
during our tenure. One chaired by Senator Muskie, exploring the proposal for a
domestic security council. The second chaired by Senator Ribicoff which will
resume in December will not call government witnesses for a while. It will con-
centrate first on non-governmental experts, beginning with the problems of data
and areal power arrangements.
Meeting with Secretary Weaver
Concerned with:-
(1) the development of national urban policy respecting migration and location of
the national population;
(2) encouraging a more positive role by the states in urban policy development;
(3) metropolitan organization.
Robert C. Wood
Under Secretary
Department of Housing and Urban Development
HUD is now concerned with several major problems:-
“De
(1) working at scale: for example, they now have $2 billion of urban
renewal applications with only $200 million available;
(2) building up the staffing capabilities of the Department ;
(3) general reorganization;
(4) de-centralization of HUD operations -- better information systems are
needed if de-centralization is to be carried out.
The new programs occupying HUD's attention of late: "model" cities; new
communities; expediter; metropolitan desks; metropolitan planning.
HUD has been proceeding on the strategy of open options; the expansion of free
choice for the individual; model for neighborhood facilities; home ownership
& jobs in the ghetto; provide counterparts for the public sector.
Wood's advice to the Task Force:-
(1) Address ourselves to thoughts about cities; not only response to them
and their needs.
(2) Concentrate on the infra-structure in research & training. Real constraint
has been manpower.
M. Carter McFarland
Assistant Commissioner for Programs
FHA
Has been working closely with Henry Schechter since they were assigned to
check out the idea of indigenous ownership of slum property. They have begun
with as sympathetic an outlook as possible. At the very least they are con-
vinced there is no single panacea; I detected more of a grain of cynicism than
he tried to allow in his discussions.
They start from a few basic statistics: . 9 million sub-standard dwelling units
nationwide; of which 48% are owner-occupied and 52% rented. However, a great
variance between central city and suburb. In the slums: 21% owner-occupied
and 79% rented -- in the suburbs: 52% owner-occupied and 48% rented.
It is their impression that absentee owners are less responsive to maintenance
etforts than owners who occupy. Also that absentee ownership is increasing
and getting "less desirable."
They feel that ownership hasn't been stressed as part of urban renewal and
OEO operations.
Some proposals: (1) tie in any program with the model cities program which
offers supporting services;
(2) use the urban development corporation if legislated;
(3) allow for several forms of ownership ranging from
individual ownership to cooperative.
Task Force questions included: -
(1) Are there other and more effective techniques for getting the desired
results other than encouraging ownership?
(2) Can you use old and new techniques for driving down the costs of property
in the slum areas? These costs are now being sustained by present govern-
mental programs.
(3) What can we say about the possibility of "steady state" maintenance?
(4) Aren't we trying to eliminate slums and how does slum ownership fit
into that objective?
William D. Carey
Assistant Director
Bureau of the Budget
So far no comprehensive strategy has been arrived at in the federal government
replying to varying proposals for the neighborhood information service centers.
During the summer several agencies produced "talking documents" for the Cabinet
Committee. Then the President's Syracuse speech "overtook" the Task Force with
a "get cracking" order. There emerged a service group for the facilities approach
of HUD, the latter focusing on recreation, etc. They were then talking about
$50 million drawn from "pooled" program monies.
Presently they are thinking of experiments in 14 cities of 3 classes -- the sponsor-
-ing coalition would be OEO, HUD, Labor and HEW. ‘The purpose would be to provide
one-stop social services to use 3 different models. Physical facilities would
not be the primary emphasis. The key would be to bring together all services and
clients and evaluate the experiments.
Ralph Taylor
Assistant Secretary for Demonstrations and Intergovernmental Relations
HUD
If model cities program is to succeed, need a rehabilitation industry of a scale
that hasn't yet emerged. Industry, large contractors and labor are shittish.
The proposed UDC approach using low interest rates and much volume as levers,
hopefully might break through. The question remains whether the UDC would have
1ts own K&D or let industry do this according to performance standards that UDC
would set. Major questions have to do with the market. Another question has
to do with local mechanisms. Indigenous cooperatives might be one answer. |
As for the proposed expediter -- it's now being called a representative. It
should not be confused with the idea of the metropolitan coordinator which is
dead. The representative is to be the federal "presence" -- housed in HUD but
che
available to all agencies. It would be a source of information on federal |
programs; clearing house;.liaison; feedback; facilitator. HUD is ready to
go in six experimental cities not necessarily the model cities and concentrating
on state capitals.
Martin Richman
Office of Legal Counsel
Department of Justice
The Attorney General's work with landlord-tenant relations has taken its marching
orders from the Syracuse speech. It will be calling a conference in early
December. They will be apparently concerned with tax incentives, though they are
not dealing directly with the question of reducing local property taxation.
Comments from Task Force
Mayor Allen
Naturally and necessarily is concerned with immediate problems especially the
need for public housing and the problems of race and minorities.
Mr. Helstein
Agrees that the most pressing problem is that of the ghetto.
Mr. Downs
‘Disagrees with Secretary Wirtz if it means forgetting the immediate problems
of the ghetto and race.
Dr. Chapin
Especially concerned with three subjects: a
(1) Impact on living patterns of the shorter work week.
(2) Emerging urban form; concentrating on the inner-city and regional arrangements
necessary to get linear development.
(3) The dynamite of the central city -- wondering if there isn't a General Gavin
idea of enclaves of development.
Mr. Hhrenkrantz
Two matters on his mind: (1) urban development corporation
(2) developing the data systems and inventory we need
on an accumulating basis.
Mr. Alexander
Impressed with the fundamental outline of the urban problem. We have neither
a theory on which to operate nor criteria by which to measure purpose.
Dublin Core
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Title
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Box 22, Folder 19, Document 12
Box 22
Box 22 Folder 19
Folder topic: Task Force on Cities | 1966
Geopolitical Entity: Washington DC
Law: the questions:-
Organization: concentrate
Organization: congressional
Organization: demonstrations and intergovernmental relations
Organization: department of transportation
Organization: hew
Organization: HUD
Organization: k&d
Organization: labor
Organization: martin richman office of legal counsel department of justice
Organization: oeo
Organization: shriver
Organization: syracuse
Organization: task force
Organization: the cabinet committee
Organization: the great society
Organization: the task force
Organization: udc
Organization: white house
Person: alexander impressed
Person: allen naturally
Person: anthony downs
Person: ardee ames
Person: ben alexander
Person: bill carmichael
Person: califano
Person: chapin especially
Person: downs
Person: edwin c. berry
Person: ezra ehrenkrantz
Person: helstein
Person: henry schechter
Person: hhrenkrantz
Person: house;.liaison
Person: Ivan Allen
Person: joe califano
Person: john dunlop
Person: julian levi
Person: m. carter
Person: muskie
Person: paul ylvisaker distribution
Person: ralph helstein
Person: ralph taylor
Person: ribicoff
Person: stuart chapin
Person: theodore sizer
Person: weaver concerned
Person: william d. carey
Person: wirtz
Person: wood
-
http://allenarchive.iac.gatech.edu/files/original/91322575d840ca5a8b958325fb506433.pdf
3d2a50624eb4149f66eaf91a65e05ae1
Scripto
Transcription
A written representation of a document.
SUBCCMMITTEE MEMBERSHIP
Homeownership
Anthony Downs·, Chairman
Julian Levi
Edwin C. Berry
Landlord-tenant
Julian Levi, Chairman
Stuart Chapin
· Urban Development Corp.
Ben Alexander, Chairman
Paul Ylvisaker
John Dunlop
Ezra Ehrenkrantz
Neighborhood information center
Theodore Sizer, Chairman
Paul Ylvisaker
Ivan Allen
Ralph Helstein
I
fGl- ~-- - ~.,,....,.--- ...-------,-.-c,'r,-;
n~
'( 1- ~- -~--------r (~
l ,. ,·, ~ -- ~ - -~ :.. ,-,+ -----~--.r=·~ -..../
\ ,.
'
ICOPY
�
Text
A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.
Text
Any textual data included in the document
i a Rl et gate att ater Sib
SUBCOMMITTEE MEMBERSHIP
Homeownership : -
Anthony Downs, Chairman
Julian Levi
Edwin C. Berry
Landlord-tenant
Julian Levi, Chairman
Stuart Chapin
“Urban Development Corp.
Ben Alexander, Chairman
Paul Ylvisaker
John Dunlop
Ezra Ehrenkrantz
Neighborhood information center
Theodore Sizer, Chairman
Paul Ylvisaker
Ivan Allen
Ralph Helstein
Dublin Core
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Title
A name given to the resource
Box 22, Folder 19, Document 11
Box 22
Box 22 Folder 19
Folder topic: Task Force on Cities | 1966
Geopolitical Entity: landlord
Geopolitical Entity: neighborhood
Organization: stuart chapin
Organization: urban development corp.
Person: anthony downs
Person: ben alexander
Person: edwin c. berry
Person: ezra ehrenkrantz
Person: john dunlop
Person: paul ylvisaker
Person: paul ylvisaker ivan allen ralph helstein
Person: theodore sizer
-
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89b9d68ab0087537766a945037bf2826
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Transcription
A written representation of a document.
Tb foll
1)
f lnt
. t~
Al t 0
Ut f
•
Z)
.3 )
. ill
T
tlv
h
)
co
fte•
c:tt
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5)
to the
x cutlv OfU .
,1
- con: .
ct
�
Text
A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.
Text
Any textual data included in the document
November 2, 1966
Tos
Task Force Members
From: ArDee Ames
The following are some items of interest:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
A list of phone numbers for each of the Task force members and a
list of subcommittee agsignments are enclosed.
The Task Force office is located in Room 237 Executive Office
Building. The phone numbers are 395-3247 and 395-5663.
The chairman's office is Room 233 Executive Office Building and
the phone number is 395«3440.
The subcommittee chairmen are requested to notify this office of
any meetings that are scheduled or travel planned in connection
with the work of the Task Force.
For admittance to the Executive Office Building please contact
this office.
Dublin Core
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Title
A name given to the resource
Box 22, Folder 19, Document 10
Box 22
Box 22 Folder 19
Folder topic: Task Force on Cities | 1966
Organization: room 233 executive office
Organization: room 237 executive office
Organization: task
Organization: task force
Organization: the executive office building
Organization: the task force
Person: ardee ames
-
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2645d528c8782546ea75cdbdcb1e7934
Scripto
Transcription
A written representation of a document.
I'
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CONFIDENTIAL
Memorandum
To:
From:
,
··1
November 2, 1966
Paul Ylvisaker
Stuart Chapin
I
I
'•
·,
·j
·,
I
This is to set down a few ideas for the TF agenda. Some of them spell
out further the ideas I listed at the end of our meeting in Washington on
October 28. The first proposal could be considered in the short-range
category, whereas the other two fall mainly in the longer range category.
They are in rough form and need "debugging," and I leave it to you to judge
whether any of them have utility for the December 1 assignment.
1. A Program for Easing the Situation of Trapped Minority Groups. Let
me first state what is quite obvious to most members of the TF, simply to
underscore the urgency of finding solutions. Two statistics about Washington,
D. C., dramatize the gravity of the situation and provide clear testimony of
the necessity of action -- (1) the fact that approximately 65 percent of the
population of the District are nonwhite, and (2) the fact that approximately
95 percent of the school children are nonwhite. Only Federal employment
opportunities and constant work by concerned community service groups appear
to be keeping this tinderbox from bursting into flame. Though the figures
for other central cities have probably not yet reached these dramatic proportions, the indications are that similar buildups are in process in most
large central cities.
Reports from studies of these areas are clear enough that those trapped
see no relief in sight and that problems involving education, employment,
housing, health and opportunities for upward mobility have reached a critical
mass. As brought out in our session on October 28, a total program is urgently
needed to bring this segment of the population into the Great Society. Asstnning that very strong recommendations in this respect are presented to the
President and become operative, I would urge inclusion in the total Administration package a new HUD program -- call it a "Program for Humanizing Metropolitan Areas'r or a "Program for Urban Development, 11 or some other positivesounding substitute title for "urban renewal. 11 Two features would distinguish
it from earlier emphases: first, it would set up renewal and housing
programs on a metropolitan-wide basis as the new Tttle II type of emphasis
in the Demonstration Cities and Metropolitan Development Act has achieved for
other federal grant and loan programs, and second, it .would expand on the
workable program" concept to require certain steps for humanizing metropolitan
areas as a basis for qualifying for loan and grant assistance.
More particularly, under such a program current statutory provisions for
the array of different grants - in-aid, loan, and rent supplement authorizations
would be amended so that the eligible LPA 1 s would be new-type Metropolitan
�-
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1
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. Area Development Commissions .ll In addition tD the jurisdictional change,
the key feature of these new Commissions would be an entire new philosophy
in the execution of the traditional renewal, public housing, rehabilita tion
housing, cooperative housing and middle income housing programs, and the
new rent supple ment program. While the Demonstration Citie s Program woul d
· become the rr.ajor central city program, it would be required to meet the
/ workable-program-type criteria develop.ed by the Metropolita n Area ,Develop- ·
.ment Connnission.
·
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- · _;
-
Under the new philosophy an empha sis on ttcommunity enclavestt would. he
· featured in contrast to .the old massive .area-wide clearance and r e development
or rehabilitation emphasis. The esse ntial objective of thi s- new appr oa ch
· would be dual -- (1) it would seek to humanize thei city environment by an
across-the-boards effort for the impr ovement of facilities and services i n
ihese enclaves,l/ each sensitively attuned to the mosaic of living patte r ns
in its environs , and (2) it.would deve lop and utilize workable progr ams tha t
would progress i ve ly put into effe ct voluntary open hous i ng gua r ant ee s a nd
intr oduce va rious services a nd improvemen ts in all e nclaves . Enclave s wou l d
be sma l l in sc'a l e , some times one block in extent, s ome t imes two or three, and
pe rhaps affecting no more than a dozen structures in a four or five block
a rea. They would be identified on the basis of a wide range of criteria ,
including struc t ura l conditions in the a r ea, hous ing vacancie s, vacant land;
t y pe of exis ting l a nd use , t he propos e d t rans por t a t i on and l a nd use s i n city
pla ns, the pattern of communit y organiza t ions i n the a rea , s ocia l inte r action
characterist'i cs i n the area , a nd a t tit ude s of re s i de n ts aixl u t the i r ne i ghbor hood. The proposa l f or human iz i ng an e nc l ave woul d :yary lvith the cha r a c ter .-- is tics , oppo.rtuni tie s, and needs of eachu Progr am empha se s would proba bly
diffe r i~ close -in a reas from t hos e -i n suburban a r ea s . Experiment a tion i n
ways of secur ing community par ticipation in e ncla ve are as wo uld be a n
i mpor tant pa r t of a ttaining respons ible invo l vement of r es i den t s i n suc h art
e ffo rt .
The hous ing aspe ct of the program might i nvolve publ i c l a nd a cquisition
of sca tte red propert ie s a few a t a t i me and the r e placement of outworn
struc t ure s wi t h new one s ; s ome might i nvolve r e habilita tion by priva t e groups
. I
1/ The t itle Me tropolita n Area Deve l opme n t Conm1i s s i on" is intended t o
convey emphasis on bui l ding and deve lopment function s , a nd might be cons olidate d
wit h the me tropol i t a n planning and pr ogramming functions t ha t are empha size d
under T"itle II of the 1966 Act. Whethe r it is po litica lly £eas i ble to phase
out the pr esent - day mun icipal programs in re newa l and public housing, I would
de f e r to othe rs on the TF on t his ques tion, but under any cir cums t a nces, the
new metr opoli tan empha sis, afte r allowi ng for a trans i tion per i od, should
rece i ve the lion 's sha re of loa n a nd gran t author i za tion .
I I This would mean i n troducing some of the same coordinat ive me chanisms
provided for under t he Demons tra tion Citie s Program i n to t h i s Program.
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or cooperatives and be planre d variably, some with and some without rent
. supplements. The key concept in the development of plans for these enclaves
would be voluntary open housing guarantees.JI Enclaves in outlying suburban arec!,s would be encouraged to receive small numbers of deprived
families .f rom the central city, and those in central areas would be designed t~ receiv~Jamilies of varying socio-economic circumstances seeking
close-in locations; For success of such a _Program a great deal depends on
develop~ng responsible participation by re.sidents of enclave connnunities
and in keeping the scale of adjustment at
low key.
I
I!
I
I
a
To -achieve the full leverage ;iJa program of this kind, special related
efforts ··in local services, educatlon, employment, health, social work, and
recreation would be developed, especially in the central city areas. · By
and large schools would be found in interstitial areas bebveen enclaves and
depended upon to help supply a cementing force to the efforts in surrounding
enclaves. In short' the Program f .o r HumaniZ>ing Met'ropolitan Areas is based on
a philosophy of responsible involvement of small groups in making their . block
or locale a 11 foster home 11 . for . a few new families. A backup effort in s pecial
education, employment and other services would be an essential feature of the
Program. In effect, in the large me tropolitan a r eas this Program in a
_m etropolitan-wide framework would become a complement to the Demonstration
Cities Program which centers on the .c entral city problem.
2. A St epped-Up Effort in Re search on Inter-Group Re lations and
Liva bility in the City. The severa l rece nt crise s in ce ntral cities of
large me tropolitan areas and the groping a ction efforts to alleviate t he se
situa tions cle arly indicate a failure in ba ckup r esearch. In ·some r espe cts
more serious, there is a lack of an evaluation effort on action taken which
would enable conclusions to be drawn on t he relative effectiveness of
measures used.
In any effort to institute a ction programs in are as· as sensitive as
tho se of trappe d popula tions, and ce rtainly in a ny program to e liminate
ca u ses of t he se conditi ons , a major r esearch thrust is r e quired, one on · t he
order of that which this country has mounted in space research or in medica l
research in recent years.
_....,, ,
Ce rtainly the s ocial problems of today s hould- be hi gh in priority of
attent ion . But .in be late dly re searching t he s e pr oblems , t he big prob l ems
of tomorr ow should not be over looke d . One pr oblem r apidly desce nding on
~itie s is that of a dj ustments to changed ]Etterns of liv ing which wi ll come
fr om shorter work week. Ther e is a great deal of s~ecula tion on the boredom
J / Obvious l y vigor ous Admini stration l eadersh i p i n amending the
Demonstr ation Cities and Metropol itan Development Act of 1966 to e l iminate
Sec . 205(f ) would be esse ntial .
I
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I
�of urbanites and their social psycho l og ical prob l ems of adjustment; the re
is speculation abo~t two-house livi ng arrangements becoming much more widespread wit h attendant changes in re c rea tion empha ses and traffic patterns;
and there are all sorts of unknowns i nvolve d i n new transportation and
communications technologies. With ;1 11 this i n t e rest and speculation, t here
is little systerna tic research going on that would en able cities to take
account of these changes in the pub l i c work s a nd service programs of a
catching-up and remedial sort be i ng l a unche d today, much less ena ble them
to embark on programs of a more pos i tive kind de signed for the Great Society.
A thir d research emphasis clea ly needed is one which frontally
e xamines the new kind of urban envi r onment res presented in the belts of
urba n deve l opme nt extending over seve r a l sta t es . These appear to be superce d ing the metropolitan area as a n ur ban environment (just at the time whe n
me t ro pol itan-wide approaches are rece iving a t t ention in Federal legisla tion
fo r the :first time to a significan t extent)G The qualitative aspects of
liv ing conditions in such regions of the k i nd noted above is one facet of
th i s envir onment, but also involve d is the whole area of governmental
mechanisms for dealing with needs a nd prob lems in these belts.
Sec. 1011 on the Urba n Environmen t a l Stud i es of the Demonstration Cities
and Me tro politan Development Act of 1966 needs t o be grea tly broa dened in
conce pt to recognize these three area s of neede d research.
3. The Wheaton Proposal for Me tropolitan Ar ea Fi s ca l Res pons ib ility
and Actio~ . Although W. L. C. Whea ton 2 s pr oposa l is already i n t he pub lic
domain, i t has not been widely cir c ulated as-ye t . I n any cas e, the r e a re
f ea tures o f his conce pt of 11 Me tr opoli t an Target Pl a nn i ng 11 which ma y ha ve
me rit fo r consideration by the TF i n t he s e cond stage of our work. Ve ry
br ie f ly he _ proposes using Federal gr a nt progr ams t o ac h ieve a more equitable
d is tribu t i on of fiscal r e sponsibil i ty among t he municipalities of a me tropolitan area, particularly in the a rea s of educa tion and housing . I attach
a c opy of his pape r.
�
Text
A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.
Text
Any textual data included in the document
al hi : Ls09 : Ic)
CONFIDENTIAL
Memorandum November 2, 1966
To: Paul Ylvisaker
From: Stuart Chapin
This is to set down a few ideas for the TF agenda. Some of them spell
out further the ideas I listed at the end of our meeting in Washington on
October 28, The first proposal could be considered in the short-range
category, whereas the other two fall mainly in the longer range category.
They are in rough form and need “debugging,” and I leave it to you to judge
whether any of them have utility for the December 1 assignment.
1. A Program for Easing the Situation of Trapped Minority Groups. Let
me first state what is quite obvious to most members of the TF, simply to
underscore the urgency of finding solutions. ‘Two statistics about Washington,
D. C., dramatize the gravity of the situation and provide clear testimony of
the necessity of action -- (1) the fact that approximately 65 percent of the
population of the District are nonwhite, and (2) the fact that approximately
95 percent of the school children are nonwhite. Only Federal employment
opportunities and constant work by concerned community service groups appear
to be keeping this tinderbox from bursting into flame. Though the figures
for other central cities have probably not yet reached these dramatic pro-
portions, the indications are that similar buildups are in process in most
large central cities,
Reports from studies of these areas are clear enough that those trapped
see no relief in sight and that problems involving education, employment,
housing, health and opportunities for upward mobility have reached a critical
mass. As brought out in our session on October 28, a total program is urgently
needed to bring this segment of the population into the Great Society. Assum-
ing that very strong recommendations in this respect are presented to the
President and become operative, I would urge inclusion in the total Administra-
tion package a new HUD program -- call it a "Program for Humanizing Metro-
politan Areas" or a "Program for Urban Development," or some other positive-
sounding substitute title for “urban renewal." Two features would distinguish
it from earlier emphases: first, it would set up renewal and housing
programs on a metropolitan-wide basis as the new Title II type of emphasis
in the Demonstration Cities and Metropolitan Development Act has achieved for
other federal grant and loan programs, and second, it would expand on the
"workable program" concept to require certain steps for humanizing metropolitan
areas as a basis for qualifying for loan and grant assistance.
More particularly, under such a program current statutory provisions for
the array of different grants-in-aid, loan, and rent supplement authorizations
would be amended so that the eligible LPA*ts would be new-type Metropolitan
ase SPs” Seg ads eee
Area Development Gantestons &* In addition to the jurisdictional change,
the key feature of these new Commissions would be an entire new philosophy
in the execution of the traditional renewal, public housing, rehabilitation
housing, cooperative housing and middle income housing programs, and the
new rent supplement program. While the Demonstration Cities Program would
become the major central city program, it would be required to meet the
workable-program-type criteria developed by the Metropolitan pres Deveicn~
ment Commission,
Under the new philosophy an emphasis on “community enclaves" would be
featured in contrast to the old massive area-wide clearance and redevelopment
or rehabilitation emphasis. The essential objective of this-new approach
would be dual -- (1) it would seek to humanize the’ city environment by an
across-the-boards effort for the improvement of facilities and services in
these enclaves ,2/ each sensitively attuned to the mosaic of living patterns
in its environs, and (2) it.would develop and utilize workable programs that
would progressively put into effect voluntary open housing guarantees and .
introduce various services and improvements in all enclaves. Enclaves would
be small in scale, sometimes one block in extent, sometimes two or three, and
perhaps affecting no more than a dozen structures in a four or five block
area, They would be identified on the basis of a wide range of criteria,
including structural conditions in the area, housing vacancies, vacant land,
type of existing land use, the proposed transportation and land uses in city
plans, the pattern of community orgmizations in the area, social interaction
characteristics in the area, and attitudes of residents about their neighbor~
hood, The proposal for humanizing an enclave would wary with the character-
istics, opportunities, and needs of each, Program emphases would probably
differ in close-in areas from thosé in suburban areas, Experimentation in
ways of securing community participation in enclave areas would be an
important part of attaining responsible involvement of residents in such ar
effort,
The housing aspect of the program might involve public land acquisition
of scattered properties a few at a time and the replacement of outworn
structures with new ones; some might involve rehabilitation by private groups
‘
1/ The title "Metropolitan Area Development Commission" is intended to
convey emphasis on building and development functions, and might be consolidated
with the metropolitan planning and programming functions that are emphasized
under Title II of the 1966 Act. Whether it is politcalily feasible to phase
out the present-day municipal programs in renewal and public housing, T would |
defer to others on the TF on this question, but under any circumstances, the
new metropolitan emphasis, after allowing for a transition period, should
receive the lion's share of loan and grant authorization.
2/ This would mean introducing some of the same coordinative mechanisms
provided for under the Demonstration Cities Program into this Program.
+
or cooperatives and be planred variably, some with and some without rent
supplements. The key concept in the development of plans for these enclaves
would be ‘voluntary open housing guarantees.3/ Enclaves in outlying sub-
urban areas would be encouraged to receive small numbers of deprived
families from the central city, and those in central areas would be de-
signed tg receive, families of varying socio-economic circumstances seeking
close-in locations, For success of such a Program a great deal depends on
developing responsible participation by residents of enclave communities
and in keeping the scale of adjustment at a low key.
To-achieve the full leverage of a program of this kind, special related
efforts in local services, education, employment, health, social work, and
recreation would be developed, especially in the central city areas, By
and large schools would be found in interstitial areas between enclaves and
depended upon to help supply a cementing force to the efforts in surrounding
enclaves. In short the Program for Humanizing Metropolitan Areas is based on
a philosophy of responsible involvement of small groups in making their block
or locale a “foster home" for a few new families, A backup effort in special
education, employment and other services would be an essential feature of the
Program, In effect, in the large metropolitan areas this Program in a
metropolitan-wide framework would become a complement to the Demonstration
Cities Program which centers on the central city problem.
2. A Stepped-Up Effort in Research on Inter-Group Relations and
Livability in the City. The several recent crises in central cities of
large metropolitan areas and the groping action efforts to alleviate these
situations clearly indicate a failure in backup research, In ‘some respects
more serious, there is a lack of an evaluation effort on action taken which
would enable conclusions to be drawn on the relative effectiveness of
measures used,
In any effort to institute action programs in areas as sensitive as
those of trapped populations, and certainly in any program to eliminate
causes of these conditions, a major research thrust is required, one on the
order of that which this country has mounted in space research or in medical
research in recent years.
Certainly the social problems of today should. be high in priority of
attention. But in belatedly researching these problems, the big problems
of tomorrow should not be overlooked, One problem rapidly descending on
cities is that of adjustments to changed mtterns of living which will come
from shorter work week. There is a great deal of speculation on the boredom
3/ Obviously vigorous Administration leadership in amending the
Demonstration Cities and Metropolitan Development Act of 1966 to eliminate
Sec. 205(£) would be essential.
ts
of urbanites and their social psychological problems of adjustment; there
is speculation about two-house living arrangements becoming much more wide-
spread with attendant changes in recreation emphases and traffic patterns;
and there are all sorts of unknowns involved in new transportation and
communications technologies, With ail this interest and speculation, there
is little systematic research going on that would enable cities to take
account of these changes in the public works and service programs of a
catching-up and remedial sort being launched today, much less enable them
to embark on programs of a more positive kind designed for the Great Society.
A third research emphasis clearly needed is one which frontally
examines the new kind of urban environment respresented in the belts of
urban development extending over several states, These appear to be super-
ceding the metropolitan area as an urban environment (just at the time when
metxo politan-wide approaches are receiving attention in Federal legislation
for the first time to a significant extent). The qualitative aspects of
living conditions in such regions of the kind noted above is one facet of
this environment, but also involved is the whole area of governmental
mechanisms for dealing with needs and problems in these belts.
Sec. 1011 on the Urban Environmental Studies of the Demonstration Cities
and Metropolitan Development Act of 1966 needs to be greatly broadened in
concept to recognize these three areas of needed research.
3. The Wheaton Proposal for Metropolitan Area Fiscal Responsibility
and Action, Although W. L. C. Wheaton*s proposal is already in the public
domain, it has not been widely circulated as-yet. In any case, there are
features of his concept of "Metropolitan Target Planning" which may have
merit for consideration by the TF in the second stage of our work. Very
briefly he proposes using Federal zrant programs to achieve a more equitable
distribution of fiscal responsibility among the municipalities of a metro-
politan area, particularly in the areas of education and housing. I attach
a copy of his paper.
Dublin Core
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Box 22, Folder 19, Document 9
Box 22
Box 22 Folder 19
Event: the 1966 act
Event: the demonstration cities and metropolitan development act of 1966
Event: under title ii
Folder topic: Task Force on Cities | 1966
Geopolitical Entity: experimentation
Geopolitical Entity: lpa*ts
Geopolitical Entity: tf
Geopolitical Entity: Washington DC
Organization: area development gantestons &
Organization: commissions
Organization: cooperatives
Organization: demonstration cities program
Organization: district
Organization: federal
Organization: federal legislation
Organization: HUD
Organization: inter-group relations and livability
Organization: metropolitan
Organization: metropolitan area development commission
Organization: metropolitan area fiscal responsibility and action
Organization: metropolitan development act
Organization: metropolitan target planning
Organization: sec
Organization: stuart chapin
Organization: the demonstration cities and
Organization: the demonstration cities program
Organization: the great society
Organization: the program
Organization: the program for humanizing metropolitan areas
Organization: the situation of trapped minority groups
Organization: the urban environmental studies
Organization: this program
Person: paul ylvisaker
Person: tf
Person: w. l. c. wheaton*s
-
http://allenarchive.iac.gatech.edu/files/original/0c9d1d2899b102aedcbd31728217bfbd.pdf
d7afa822307410cac7cc499a35c69ddb
Scripto
Transcription
A written representation of a document.
I
If
WORKING PAPER
I.
COMMENTS ON ·THE
PROPOSED URBAN DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION
, 1.
Concept
In its proposal for the establishment of an Urban Development Corpor-
ation* HUD asserts, "The greatest domestic challenge that faces America
today is the need to rehabilitate and rebuild the nation's slum neighborhoods and the 5,000,000 substandard and deteriorating dwellings· in
which 20 million Americans live.
The problem exists in large and small
cities throughout the entire country. u,
The Proposal points out that .
neither government nor industry can do this alone, and proposes a
nationally based, private, non-profit institution--UDC--which has access
to substantial amounts of FHA insured mortgage credit, and the ability
to offer major inducements to cities, industry, labor, and residents of
slums.
It proposes that UDC be directed
at rehabilitation,
i"i ··
with the objective of rehabilitating 500,000 -slum dwellin.g units withi n "the
next decade.
dwelling units
ation.
The propos~d short term goal i s rehabilitating 30,000
during
. i
a •
, t he first two years of it s a per-
For these f irst two years it is as~erted the UDC will r equire a
reservation o f $200 million in 221 (d) (3) be l ow market interes t rate (BMIR)
mortgage credit funds, $200 mil lion in FNMA spec i a l ass i stance funds f or
r ent supplement dwellings, and $9 million in r ent supp lement funds.
In
addition, $12 million in working capital will be requir.e d for the first
two years of operat i on which i s to be suppl i ed by foundation
l
•
and corporate grants and l oans, and HUD demonstration funds.
"·A Proposal for a Nationally Based Private Non-Profit Urban Development
Corporation to ,Rehabilitate and Replace Substandard Urban Slum Dwellings,"
HUD, Nov. 1966
�,,
. 2.
The kernel of the UDC concept is that _the large and orderly market
it provides will produce an efficient,aggressive and technologically
advanced rehabilitation industry.
This new industry will serve the
total rehabilitation market, private as .well as public.
2.
Feasibility
There appear to be :fbur key questions concerning feasibility of this
proposal:
Technological
Social
Scale of operations required
Acceptability
The technological feasibility of massive rehabilitation of many types
of slum dwellings has been demonstrated.
the 114th Street program in Harlem.
The most striking example is
There the buildings were largely
-~
gutted, and attractive, healthy, modern apartments · created, one f or each
of the far below ~standard units that were scrapped .
HUD estimates that
the re are more than 5 million units in the nation's s l ums that are
structurally s ound and susceptible to such rehabilitat i on.
That many slum neighborhoods have potential to r espond to the impact
of rehab ilitation i s a lso strikingly demonstrated by the 114th Street
experiment.
The pride shown by the residents of the r ehabilitated units,
the low l eve l of vandalism during construction, and the enthus iasm of the
ne i ghborhood for the project illus trate this.
HUD estimates that
5 million units suitable f or rehabilitation are located in slum neigh~
borhoods with the potential to respond to the improvements offered.
�,
3.
The minimum effective scale is largely a matter of judgement.
Experts consulted seem to agree that the scale proposed (30,000 units
annually
in the first two years, 50,000 units/thereafter) is sufficient to
provide the leverage needed with labor, contractors, the materials
industry, and city administrations to achieve the innovations desired
and to visibly affect the quality of life in the nation's slums.
A
commitment to only the first 30,000 units may be sufficient but on this
opinions differ .
HUD has been in contact with industry, labor and city representatives and reports that in every case those interviewed were persuaded
of the merits of the UDC idea.
Organized labor's reaction was favorable
to the suggestion of a national contract with UDC containing work rules
providing for .
appropriate to eff icient rehabilitation and/crews which i nclude labor
from the slum neighborhoods .
Builders and developers were pleased with
the signif icant r ole the private. sector could play.
Manufacturer s
expressed i nterest in undertaking research and development of products
f or a new r ehabilitation market.
3-.
Co s t s
In t he UDC p r oposal the average tota l ·cost pe r dwel ling units is
estimated t o be $13, 000 .
Th i s is a conserva t i ve estimate bas ed on the
very limited experience to date.
There is reason t o ·b elieve that UDC
activity will bring the unit cos t s down due to economies of scale ,
(
�4.
improved contractor management) increased labor productivity) and to
technological innovations induced by the new rehabilitation industry.
That there will be cost reduction is highly likelyJ and that this reduction will spur private rehabilitation seems probable) but there is no
basis for quantitatively estimating the degree of reduction possible
and, in all likelihood) will not be until after a -few years of UDC
operation.
It is possible that costs could go as low as $9J000 per unit.
The UDC proposal suggests that the initial 30J000 units be financed
half with BMIR (Below Market Interest Rate) mortgage credit and half with
FNMA special assistance funds for rent supplement dwellings.
The annual
rent supplement funds that would be required depends ) of course J on the
average ability to pay.
If the BMIR funded 15)000 units were all rented
to families with annual incomes over $4J000J the annual rent supplement
required for the remaining lSJ000 units would be between $12.2 million
and $19.6 million) depending upon the t enants' incomes.
The mortgage credit and rent supplement funds required for the first
five year s of ope r ation are shown in Table l J based on the estimat ed cos t
of $13 J 000/uni t.
The ave r age annual te nant income can be expected t o be
be tween $2, 000 (whi ch was the 1965 nat iona l average income o f t he 2. 5 million s lum fami l ies with i ncomes be l ow $4, 000/year) and $4 , 000 whic h i s typic al
of income s in Harl em.
The commitment to future r e nt suppl ement payme nts depend s , of course,
on the degree to which c os t s a re re duced by the new r e hab ilitation
indus try and upon the change s in family income.
this.
Tabl e 2 illustrates
It can be seen that unless costs are reduced to below $9,000/unit
�;I
...
5.
TABLE
i
Funding Requirements
(For Unit Cost= $13,000)
y E AR
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
Units Constructed
During Year
5,000
25,000
50,000
50,000
50,000
Units Completed
5,000
30,000
80,000
130,000
180,000
Average Units Cornpleted During Year
2,500
17,500
55,000
105,000
165,000
..
Annual BMIR Mortgage
Credit ($, millions )1(
33
167
325
325
325
Annual FNMA Mortgage
Credit*
33
- 167
325
325
325
Annual Rent Supplement Funds($,rnillions)**
(Tenant Income=
$4,000)
1.0
7.1
22
43
63
Annual Rent Supplernent Funds($,millions)**
(Tenant Income=
· $2,000)
1. 6
11. 5
36
69
108
Based on half the units being financed with BMIR 3%-40 year
- mortgages, the other half with 6%-40 year mortgages .
Based on rent supplements applicable to the one-half qf
the units that are financed at 6%-40 years.
�II
6.
TABLE . 2
Annual Rent Supplement in$ Millions,
After Five Years
(90,000 Units, 6% 40 Year Mortgages)
Average Unit Cost
Average Tenant
Annual Income
$9,000
$11,000
$13,000
$4, 000
23
48
73
$3,000
45
70
95
$2,000
68
93
118
··-~~-
�r
7~
or average incomes rise to over $4,000/yea; rent supplements will be
required indefinitely.
4.
Additional Benefits
a.
Cost Reduction for Private Rehabilitation
The total market for rehabilitation is far greater than the
500,000 units proposed for UDC action during the next decade.
Even if
half of the 5 million units presently suitable for rehabilitation are
torn down, the private sector market for rehabilitation is 4 times
larger than that proposed for UDC over the next decade.
Cost reductions
stimulated by UDC will therefore pay a large dividend in terms of reduced
economic rent for slum families .
This ' tan be considered - to· mu1tiply tp :
by 5 the savings which are reflected in the rehabilitation directly
sponsored by UDC .
b.
Slum Employment
Rehabilitation is, and probably will remain, a labor-intensive
industry.
Approximately one-half man year of on-site labor is required
per rehabilitated unit .
If half of this were to be provided by local
labor, r ehabi l itation at t he ~ate of 50, 000 units per y ear will directly
employ some 12, 000 slum dwelle r s .
Since , presumably, the same people
wou ld partic.ipate in t he private rehabilitation market , t he number of
slum dwellers employed in the new r ehab i litation indus try might be
so,ooo.
c.
Application of New Tec hnology to New Const r uct i on
The degree t o which technological innovation stimulated by
rehabilitation will be effect ive in r educing the cost of new const ruction
is uncertain.
What is clear is that new products will be used when they
�If
·a.
become available market items, t):J.ereby. improving the quality if not the
cost of new construction.
d.
Interaction With Other Programs
UDC-sponsored rehabilitation activities can strongly reenforce
other programs.
Among these are the Demonstration Cities, home ownership
for slum dwellers, and neighborhood Service Centers.
5.
Additional Problems
a.
Mortgage Terms and Economic Life
~he use of 40 year mortgages (and consequently an implied remaining
economic life of 55 years) has been assumed by HUD.
However, it is by no
means clear that rehabilitation can provide either physical or economic
lifetimes approaching this in a substantial fraction (perhaps most) of the
neighborhoods under consideration.
Reduction of the mortgage terms to
20 years would require an increased annual rent supplement of $330/unit.
b.
Property Acquisition
Limited experience suggests that it is possible to assemble
properties for rehabilitation, u&ing only the threat of rigid code enforcement to keep prices from rising.
Alternately, or in conjunction,
condemnation proceedings can be used in Urb~n Renewal Areas.
c.
Rehabilitation vs. New Housing
While rehabilitation has well known social advantages over slum
clearances f ollowed by new construction, it offers far less opportunity
for cost reduction through technological innovations and raises the
thorny problem of the wisdom of investing heavily in obsolescent
'--",
properties.
An intriguing proposal for neighborhood redevelopment using
�n
9.
a mix of rehabilitation and new housing was developed in a working
session on UDC*.
UDC's concern with rehabilitation to the exclusion~£
new housing could become a block to the kind of federal effort needed
to obtain cost reduction through major innbvation<>in construction,
technology and project management.
It has been suggested that the reason the Proposal selected rehabilitation rather than a mixed rehabilitation/new housing objective for
the UDC was the concern that labor in particular (and perhaps the
construction and materials industries as well) would strongly oppose the
UDC unless it clearly restricted its activities to rehabilitation.
is a matter of judgment and could very well be correct.
This
It must be
noted , howev er, that acceptance of UDC might be forthcoming if these
groups realize that new construction based on improved and economizing
technology is inevitable and UDC can provide a sympathetic client with
which they could cooperate to gradually modernize traditional practices.
This is a subject that future staff work might illumine.
d.
Effect on Equity Holders
If the costs of rehabilitation remain high , the federal govern-
ment , UDC and the cities involved will be p~edisposed to use all means
a t t hei r dis posa l to dr i v e down t he costs fo r acquir i ng t he propertie s
f o r rehabi lit at i on.
majo r to o l f o r th is .
Ri gid c ode enfo r cement has been suggested as t he
I t i s no t clear that a self - avowed polic y of
l i qui dating the equity ho lde r s by code e nfo r cement won't deve l op a fa tal
backla s h .
Int e rim Report :
Study of the Fea s ibility of an Ur ban Development
Corporation
�11
10.
e.
Relationships
The proposed relationships of UDC with the local government,
various national groups, and the neighborhood (including the question of
continuing responsibility for maintenance and upkeep of the rehabilitated
buildings) are largely undefined.
6.
Conclusions
a.
While very many details of UDC remain to be worked out, it appears
highly likely that the major objectives will be met if a strong Presidential
commitment is given.
b.
This is the only practical mechanism that has been found for
visibly improving the quality of slum housing within the next few years.
c.
The minimum effective scale of the UDC is one which can stimulate
a new industry in the U.S.--the rehabilitation industry .
this industry will probably not develop.
Without the UDC
The proposed level of UDC effort
appears to be the minimum needed if it is t o b e successful.
d.
The costs--in terms of below market interest rate mortgage credit
and rent supplements amount to a subsidy of a substantial fraction of
the total rent.
The rent supplements involve a firm long term commitment,
which is uncertain.
�
Text
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WORKING PAPER
COMMENTS ON THE
PROPOSED URBAN DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION
. 1. Concept
In its proposal for the establishment of an Urban Development Corpor-
ation* HUD asserts, 'The greatest domestic challenge that faces America
today is the need to rehabilitate and rebuild the nation's slum neigh-
borhoods and the 5,000,000 substandard and deteriorating dwellings’ in
which 20 million Americans live. The problem exists in large and small
cities throughout the entire country.” The Proposal points out that
neither government nor industry can do this alone, and proposes a
nationally based, private, non-profit institution--UDC--which has access
to substantial amounts of FHA insured mortgage credit, and the ability
to offer major inducements to cities, industry, labor, and residents of
slums. It proposes that UDC be directed at rehabilitation, bi
with the objective of rehabilitating 500,000 -s1um dwelling units within ‘the
next decade. The proposed short term goal is rehabilitating 30,000
dwelling units during PRA the first two years of its oper-
ation. For these first two years it is asserted the UDC will require a
reservation of $200 million in 221(d)(3) below market interest rate (BMIR)
mortgage credit funds, $200 million in FNMA special assistance funds for
_ rent supplement dwellings, and $9 million in rent supplement funds. In
addition, $12 million in working capital will be required for the first
two years of operation which is to be supplied by foundation
and corporate grants and loans, and HUD demonstration funds.
*"\A Proposal for a Nationally Based Private Non-Profit Urban Development
Corporation to Rehabilitate and Replace Substandard Urban Slum Dwellings,"
HUD, Nov. 1966
9,
The kernel of the UDC concept is that the large and orderly market
it provides will produce an efficient, aggressive and technologically
advanced rehabilitation industry. This new industry will serve the
total rehabilitation market, private as well as public.
2. Feasibility
There appear to be four key questions concerning feasibility of this
proposal:
- Technological
- Social
- Scale of operations required
- Acceptability
The technological feasibility of massive rehabilitation of many types
of slum dwellings has been demonstrated. The most striking example is
the 114th Street program in Harlem. There the batldinge-wexe largely
gutted, and attractive, healthy, modern apartments’ created, one for each
of the far below-~standard units that were scrapped. HUD estimates that
there are more than 5 million units in the nation's slums that are
structurally sound and susceptible to such rehabilitation.
That many slum neighborhoods have potential to respond to the impact
of rehabilitation is also strikingly demonstrated by the 114th Street
experiment. The pride shown by the residents of the rehabilitated units,
the low level of vandalism during construction, and the enthusiasm of the
neighborhood for the project illustrate this. HUD estimates that
5 million units suitable for rehabilitation are located in slum neigh-
borhoods with the potential to respond to the improvements offered.
The minimum effective scale is largely a matter of judgement.
Experts consulted seem to agree that the scale proposed (30,000 units
annually
in the first two years, 50,000 units/thereafter) is sufficient to
provide the leverage needed with labor, contractors, the materials
industry, and city administrations to achieve the innovations desired
and to visibly affect the quality of life in the nation's slums. A
commitment to only the first 30,000 units may be sufficient but on this
opinions differ.
HUD has been in contact with industry, labor and city representa-
tives and reports that in every case those interviewed were persuaded
of the merits of the UDC idea. Organized labor's reaction was favorable
to the suggestion of a national contract with UDC containing work rules
providing for _
appropriate to efficient rehabilitation and/crews which include labor
from the slum neighborhoods. Builders and developers were pleased with
the significant role the private. sector could play. Manufacturers
expressed interest in undertaking research and development of products”
for a new rehabilitation market.
3. Costs
In the UDC proposal the average total cost per dwelling units is
estimated to be $13,000. This is a conservative estimate based on the
very limited experience to date. There is reason to believe that UDC
activity will bring the unit costs down due to economies of scale,
improved contractor management, increased labor productivity, and to
technological innovations induced by the new rehabilitation industry.
That there will be cost reduction is highly likely, and that this reduc-
tion will spur private rehabilitation seems probable, but there is no
basis for quantitatively estimating the degree of reduction possible
and, in all likelihood, will not be until after a-few years of UDC
operation. It is possible that costs could go as low as $9,000 per unit.
The UDC proposal suggests that the initial 30,000 units be financed
half with BMIR (Below Market Interest Rate) mortgage credit and half with
FNMA special assistance funds for rent supplement dwellings. The annual
rent supplement funds that would be required depends, of course, on the
average ability to pay. If the BMIR funded 15,000 units were all rented
to families with annual incomes over $4,000, the annual rent Sip lemeits
required for the remaining 15,000 units would be between $12.2 million
and $19.6 it ten, depending upon the tenants' incomes.
The mortgage credit and rent supplement funds required for the first
five years of operation are shown in Table 1, based on the estimated cost
of $13,000/unit. The average annual tenant income can be expected to be
between $2,000 (which was the 1965 national average income of the 2.5 million
slum families with incomes below $4,000/year) and $4,000 which is typical
of incomes in Harlem.
The commitment to future rent supplement payments depends, of course,
on the degree to which costs are reduced by the new rehabilitation
industry and upon the changes in family income. Table 2 illustrates
this. It can be seen that unless costs are reduced to below $9,000/unit
TABLE 1
Funding Requirements
(For Unit Cost = $13,000)
YEAR
1967 1968 1969 1970 1971
Units Constructed
During Year 5,000 25,000 | 50,000 | 50,000} 50,000
Units Completed 5,000 30,000 | 80,000 | 130,000] 180,000 -
Average Units Com-
pleted During Year 2,500 17,500 | 55,000 | 105,000] 165,000
Annual BMIR Mortgage
Credit ($,millions)* 33 167 325 325 325
Annual FNMA Mortgage
Credit* 33 167 325 325 325
Annual Rent Supple-
ment Funds($,mil-
lions) **
(Tenant Income =
$4,000) 1.0 ek 22 43 63
Annual Rent Supple-
ment Funds($,mil-
lions )**
(Tenant Income =
$2,000) 1.6 bled 36 69 108
*Based on half the units being financed with BMIR 3%-40 year
-mortgages, the other half with 6%-40 year mortgages.
**Based on rent supplements applicable to the one-half of
the units that are financed at 6%-40 years.
TABLE . 2
_ Annual Rent Supplement in $ Millions,
After Five Years
(90,000 Units, 6% 40 Year Mortgages)
Average Tenant Average Unit Cost
Annual Income $9,000 $11,000 $13,000
$4,000 23 48 73
$3,000 45 70 95 -
$2,000 68 93 118
or average incomes rise to over $4,000/yeay rent supplements will be
required indefinitely.
4. Additional Benefits
a. Cost Reduction for Private Rehabilitation
The total market for rehabilitation is far greater than the
500,000 units proposed for UDC action during the next decade. Even if
half of the 5 million units presently suitable for rehabilitation are
torn down, the private sector market for rehabilitation is 4 times
larger than that proposed for UDC over the next decade. Cost reductions
stimulated by UDC will therefore pay a large dividend in terms of reduced
economic rent for slum families. This tan be considered to multiply‘?
by 5 the savings which are reflected in the rehabilitation directly
sponsored by UDC.
b. Slum Employment
Rehabilitation is, and probably will remain, a labor-intensive
industry. Approximately one-half man year of on-site labor is required
per rehabilitated unit. If half of this were to be provided by local
labor, rehabilitation at the rate of 50,000 units per year will directly
employ some 12,000 slum dwellers. Since, presumably, the same people
would participate in the private rehabilitation market, the number of
slum dwellers employed in the new rehabilitation industry might be
50,000.
c. Application of New Technology to New Construction
The degree to which technological innovation stimulated by
rehabilitation will be effective in reducing the cost of new construction
is uncertain. What is clear is that new products will be used when they
become available market items, thereby improving the quality if not the
cost of new construction.
d. Interaction With Other Programs
UDC-sponsored rehabilitation activities can strongly reenforce
other programs. Among these are the Demonstration Cities, home ownership
for slum dwellers, and neighborhood Service Centers.
5. Additional Problems
a. Mortgage Terms and Economic Life
The use of 40 year mortgages (and consequently an implied remaining
economic life of 55 years) has been assumed by HUD. However, it is by no
means clear that rehabilitation can provide either physical or economic
lifetimes approaching this in a substantial fraction (perhaps most) of the
neighborhoods under consideration. Reduction of the mortgage terms to
20 years would require an increased annual rent supplement of $330/unit.
b. Property Acquisition
Limited experience suggests that it is possible to assemble
properties for rehabilitation, using only the threat of rigid code en-
forcement to keep prices from rising. Alternately, or in conjunction,
condemnation proceedings can be used in Urban Renewal Areas.
c. Rehabilitation vs. New Housing
While rehabilitation has well known social advantages over slum
clearances followed by new construction, it offers far less opportunity
for cost reduction through technological innovations and raises the
thorny problem of the wisdom of investing heavily in obsolescent
properties. An intriguing proposal for neighborhood redevelopment using
a mix of rehabilitation and new housing was developed in a working
session on UDG*. UDC's concern with rehabilitation to the exclusion of
new housing could become a block to the kind of federal effort needed
to obtain cost reduction through major innovations in construction.
technology and project management.
It has been suggested that the reason the Proposal selected rehabi-
litation rather than a mixed rehabilitation/new housing objective for
the UDC was the concern that labor in particular (and perhaps the
construction and materials industries as well) would strongly oppose the
UDC unless it clearly restricted its activities to rehabilitation. This
is a matter of judgment and could very well be correct. It must be
noted, however, that acceptance of UDC might be forthcoming if these
groups realize that new construction based on improved and economizing
technology is inevitable and UDC can provide a sympathetic client with
which they could cooperate to gradually modernize traditional practices.
This is a subject that future staff work might illumine.
d. Effect on Equity Holders -
If the costs of rehabilitation remain high, the federal govern-
ment, UDC and the cities involved will be predisposed to use all means
at their disposal to drive down the costs for acquiring the properties
for rehabilitation. Rigid code enforcement has been suggested as the
major tool for this. It is not clear that a self-avowed policy of
liquidating the equity holders by code enforcement won't develop 2 fatal
backlash.
*Interim Report; Study of the Feasibility of an Urban Development
Corporation
e. Relationships
The proposed relationships of UDC with the local government,
various national groups, and the neighborhood (including the question of
continuing responsibility for maintenance and upkeep of the rehabilitated
buildings) are largely undefined,
6. Conclusions
a. While very many details of UDC remain to be worked out, it appears
highly likely that the major objectives will be met if a strong Presidential
commitment is given.
b. This is the only practical mechanism that has been found for
visibly improving the quality of slum housing within the next few years.
c. The minimum effective scale of the UDC is one which can stimulate
a new industry in the U.S.--the rehabilitation industry. Without the UDC
this industry will probably not develop. The proposed level of UDC effort
appears to be the minimum needed if it is to be successful.
d. The costs--in terms of below market interest rate mortgage credit
and rent supplements amount to a subsidy of a substantial fraction of
the total rent. The rent supplements involve a firm long term commitment,
which is uncertain.
Dublin Core
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Title
A name given to the resource
Box 22, Folder 19, Document 8
Box 22
Box 22 Folder 19
Folder topic: Task Force on Cities | 1966
Geopolitical Entity: u.s
Geopolitical Entity: udg*.
Geopolitical Entity: United States
Organization: - technological - social - scale
Organization: apartments’
Organization: application of new technology to new construction
Organization: bmir
Organization: bmir mortgage credit (
Organization: feasibility
Organization: FHA
Organization: fnma mortgage credit
Organization: HUD
Organization: interaction with other programs
Organization: new housing
Organization: property acquisition limited
Organization: reduction for private rehabilitation
Organization: rehabilitation
Organization: rent supplement
Organization: replace substandard urban
Organization: service centers
Organization: sip
Organization: study of the feasibility of an urban development corporation
Organization: the 114th street
Organization: udc
Organization: unit cost
Organization: urban development corpor-
Organization: urban renewal areas
Person: interim report
Person: slum dwellings
-
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1e8e9ae28be290963fe1fd7a77c20133
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Transcription
A written representation of a document.
,
STATEMENT ON HOMEOWNERSIDP BY THE POOR
The Task Force is convinced that the encouragement of homeownership by those now living in slum areas would have great value.
It
is an idea solidly in the Americ0ll tradition, and well worth trying as a
pilot program.
Offering slum dwellers a chance to own a decent home of their
own might have a profound effect upon their attitudes toward society.
In-.
I.
stead of feeling like frustrated and helpless transients floating along
1-:
in the poverty and filth of the slums, they could begin developing a stake
in their community and a chance for control over their own destiny.
It should be stressed, however, that if the program is to actually
reach the poor, substantial subsidies will be required.
II
Based on an ex-
perience in Pittsburgh, the acquisitio~ and rehabilitation of a dwelling
cost $10,400 which required for all charges a monthly peyment of $lo6
or
an income of $5,000 -- even with 40 year, 3 percent financing .
The justification for housing subsidies for the poor is more
t han mor ally compelling .
I
I
,·
I
I
I
The federal government subsidi zes middle - income
home owners by $2 . 9 billion a year through tax deductions .
It subsidizes
the poo:r by only $820 milli on through public hous i ng, public assistance , and
t ax deductions.
Recommendations :
The Task For ce ther efor e r ecommends ~ t hat the f ollowing
criteria should apply:
I
1.
The pilot program should seek to provide opportunities for
---
all forms of ownership among sl~ dwellers:
single family ownership,
cooperative or condominimn ownership, or ownership by resident landlords
of multi-family dwellings·.
�,
2.
Subsidies in the form of low interest loans, rent sup-
plements, or "ownership supplements" should be provided to reach lowincome levels.
3. The program should provide opportunity for ownership
outside the slum, as well as in it.
4.
The program should be based on rehabilitation of the unit·
to standard condition, and prior to assumption of ownership by the slum
dweller.
5.
The program should be undertaken only where major efforts
are underway to upgrade the surrounding neighborhood.
6.
Organizational capacity should be provided to acquire and
r ehabilitate the property, prepare persons for ownershf p responsibility,
and provide continuing financial and other counseling.
7.
The program should provide agreement to buy back the
house during a limited period in case owners cannot manage the newly
assumed burdens.
I
I
......
f
/ I
r
l,
�
Text
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Text
Any textual data included in the document
STATEMENT ON HOMEOWNERSHIP BY THE POOR
The Task Force is convinced that the encouragement of home-
ownership by those now living in slum areas would have great value. It
is an idea solidly in the American tradition, and well worth trying as a
pilot program. |
Offering slum dwellers a chance to own a decent home of their
own might have a profound effect upon their attitudes toward society. In-.
stead of feeling like frustrated and helpless transients floating along
in the poverty and filth of the slums, they could begin developing i stake
in their community and a chance for control over their own destiny.
It should be stressed, however, that if the program is to actually
reach the poor, substantial subsidies will be required. Based on an ex-
perience in Pittsburgh, the acquisition and rehabilitation of a dwelling
cost $10,400 which required for all charges a monthly payment of $106 or
an income of $5,000 -- even with 40 year, 3 percent financing.
The justification for housing subsidies for the poor is more
than morally compelling. The federal government subsidizes middle-income
homeowners by $2.9 billion a year through tax deductions. It subsidizes
the poor by only $820 million through public housing, public assistance, and
tax deductions.
Recommendations: The Task Force therefore recommends ¢ ) thet the following
criteria should apply:
1. The pilot program should seek to provide opportunities for
all forms of ownership among slum dwellers: single family ownership,
cooperative or condominium ownership, or evierantp by resident landlords
of multi-family dwellings. » .
2. Subsidies in the form of low interest loans, rent sup-
plements, or "ownership supplements" should be provided to reach low-
income levels.
3. The program should provide opportunity for ownership
outside the slum, as well as in it.
4. The program should be based on rehabilitation of the unit
to standard condition, and prior to assumption of ownership by the slum
dweller.
5. The program should be undertaken only where major efforts
are underway to upgrade the surrounding neighborhood.
6. Organizational capacity should be provided to acquire and
rehabilitate the property, prepare persons for ownership responsibility,
and provide continuing financial and other counseling.
7. The program should provide agreement to buy back the
house during a limited period in case owners cannot manage the newly
assumed burdens.
Dublin Core
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Title
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Box 22, Folder 19, Document 7
Box 22
Box 22 Folder 19
Folder topic: Task Force on Cities | 1966
Geopolitical Entity: pittsburgh
Organization: homeownership
Organization: offering
Organization: statement on
Organization: the task force
-
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ad7aa1ffa5f0bfbf285c752c56c153fe
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Transcription
A written representation of a document.
- - -- - - - - - - --·--·.. .
--
••
"4
PILOT PROGRAM TO PROMOTE HOME OWNERSHIP AMONG SLUM RESIDENTS \
T e desire to own a home is a basic part of our tradition. Today 62% of American families hav
· achieved that desire. Yet there are still millions of families who would like to own their own
homes, but cannot. They are too poor to do so under present financing arrangements. At least
half a million such households now rent substandard housing in our metropolitan areas. A chance
to own a decent home of their own might have a profound effect upon their attitudes toward
society. Instead of feeling like frustrated and helpless transients floating along in the poverty
and fil th of the slums, they could begin developing a sense of control over their own destiny.
They could gradually build a stake in their communities, and would learn how to use and benefit
from legal and political institutions they now regard with hostility.
Furthermore, provid ing these low-income househo lds with home-ownership assis tance would merely
be giving them the same advantage we already ext end to millions of middle-income and upperincome households. These households now receive a large subsidy in the form of federal income
tax deductions for the interest and property taxes paid on their homes. This subsidy amounts to at
least $1.7 billion per year for just the wealthiest 20% o f our families. This is doub le the housing
subsidy we extend to the poorest 20% in the form of all public housing payments, we lfare paymen ts,
and tax deduc t ions combined. Clearly, tax deduc t ions aren't much help to families with little or
no taxable income. So simp le justi ce demands tha t we encou rage home ownership fo r them in some
·
o the r way mo re su ited to thei r needs .
Therefore, we recommend enactmen t o f a pi lo t program o f aid to low- income fam il ies to he lp them
ach ieve home owne rsh ip . This prog ram shoul d concen t ra t e upon slum dwellers because they now
ha ve th e least o ppo rt un ity to own dece nt homes, a nd because it would he lp im prove slum li v ing
condit ions. in g enera l. Th e prog ra m shou ld ass ist slum residen ts ei ther to move out o f slums by
buy ing hom es e lsewhe re, o r to acq uire owne rship o f new ly reh a bi lita t ed units in neighbo rhoods
whi c h a re be ing up- graded throug h a wi de va riety o f ot her prog rams too - - as in the Mode l
Cities Prog ram . Th is ho me - own e rsh ip p ro gra mwou ldhe lp low -in come fa mil ies b uy sing le fa mi ly
ho uses, indiv idua l uni ts in mul ti-fam i ly con dom in i ums; o r apa rt men t buil dings wh ich t hey
o perated a s resident lan dl o rds -- rep lacing absen t ee lan dl o rds w ho had neg lec ted t heir
ro perti es .
.
¼
~ Several ty pes o f a id wou ld be invo lv e d in th is prog ram . First, the slum housi ng un its involved
would be substandard ones reha bilita ted by a publi c agen cy o r a non - profit gro up be fore being
sold·to nf:N.I owners. Second , below-mark et-rate loans shou ld be use d to fi na nce owners on a
no-downpayment basis. Third, potential ow ners should recei ve advanced training in the skills
of minor mai ntenance, fi na ncing, and other respon sibilities of ownership. Fourth, new owners
from the lowest-income groups would need a monthly housing supplement similar to the ·rent
supplement, but applicable to ownership payments. Fifth, some tenants in resident-landlord
buildings would receive rent supplements. Sixth, owners should receive follow-on counseling
about financing and repairs. Seventh, the public agency running the program would agree to
buy back the housing involved during a fixed period in case the owners could not carry the
required burdens.
·
.(
.
�A Pilot Program to .Promote Home Ownership Among Slum Residents
Page 2
A pilot program incorporating these devices could be undertaken for 10,000 units at on annual
cost of about $5.1 million for rent and ownership subsidies, plus a reservation of $125 million in
below-market-rate (3%) loan funds, plus admin istrotive costs. These figures assume that ownership opportunities would be extended to even the lowest-income families.
This program would improve the life of slum residents in several ways besides allowing them to
become home-owners. Many would take much better care of their properties and develop a
stronger interest in good neighborhoods. Even landlord-tenant relations might improve because
resident landlords would replace absentees. Hence conditions in slums might be significantly
improved even for people not involved in the program.
.,
i
In our opinion, this is a prosram solidly in the American tradition, and well worth trying.
.,
I
---
.'
�
Text
A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.
Text
Any textual data included in the document
PILOT PROGRAM TO PROMOTE HOME OWNERSHIP AMONG SLUM RESIDENT
a NY)
THe desire to own a home is a basic part of our tradition, Today 62% of American —\
achieved that desire. Yet there are still millions of families who would like to own their own
homes, but cannot. They are too poor to do so under present financing arrangements. At least
half a million such households now rent substandard housing in our metropolitan areas. A chance
to own a decent home of their own might have a profound effect upon their attitudes toward
society, Instead of feeling like frustrated and helpless transients floating along in the poverty
and filth of the slums, they could begin developing a sense of control over their own destiny.
They could gradually build a stake in their communities, and would leam how to use and benefit
from legal and political institutions they now regard with hostility.
Furthermore, providing these low-income households with home-ownership assistance would merely
be giving them the same advantage we already extend to millions of middle-income and upper-
income households. These households now receive a large subsidy in the form of federal income
tax deductions for the interest and property taxes paid on their homes. This subsidy amounts fo at
least $1.7 billion per year for just the wealthiest 20% of our families. This is double the housing
subsidy we extend fo the poorest 20% in the form of all public housing payments, welfare payments,
and tax deductions combined. Clearly, tax deductions aren't much help to families with little or
no taxable income. So simple justice demands that we encourage home ownership for them in some
other way more suited to their needs.
Therefore, we recommend enactment of a pilot program of aid to low-income families to help them
achieve home ownership. This program should concentrate upon slum dwellers because they now
have the least opportunity to own decent homes, and because it would help improve sium living
conditions in general. The program should assist slum residents either to move out of slums by
buying homes elsewhere, or to acquire ownership of newly rehabilitated units in neighborhoods
: which are being up-graded through a wide variety of other programs too -- as in the Model
)\ Cities Program. This home-ownership programwouldhelp low-income families buy single family
\/\ houses, individual units in multi-family condominiums, or apartment buildings which they
\ \ operated as resident landlords -- replacing absentee landlords who had neglected their
\ Rene
\/ Several types of aid would be involved in this program. First, the slum housing units invoived
would be substandard ones rehabilitated by a public agency or a non=profit group before being
sold-to new owners. Second, below-market-rate loans should be used to finance owners on a
no=downpayment basis. Third, potential owners should receive advanced training in the skills
of minor maintenance, financing, and other responsibilities of ownership. Fourth, new owners
from the lowest-income groups would need a monthly housing supplement similar to the rent
supplement, but applicable to ownership payments. Fifth, some tenants in resident=-landlord
buildings would receive rent supplements. Sixth, owners should receive follow-on counseling
about financing and repairs. Seventh, the public agency running the program would agree to
buy back the housing involved during a fixed period in case the owners could not carry the
required burdens,
As S e , r :
A Pilot Program to Promote Home Ownership Among Slum Residents
Page 2
A pilot program incorporating these devices could be undertaken for 10,000 units at an annual
cost of about $5.1 million for rent and ownership subsidies, plus a reservation of $125 million in
below-market-rate (3%) loan funds, plus administrative costs. These figures assume that owner-
ship opportunities would be extended to even the lowest-income families.
This program would improve the life of slum residents in several ways besides allowing them to
become home-owners. Many would take much befter care of their properties and develop a
stronger interest in good neighborhoods. Even landlord-tenani relations might improve because
resident landlords would replace absentees. Hence conditions in slums might be significantly
improved even for people not involved in the program.
In our opinion, this is a program solidly in the American tradition, and well worth trying.
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Title
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Box 22, Folder 19, Document 6
Box 22
Box 22 Folder 19
Folder topic: Task Force on Cities | 1966
Geopolitical Entity: ny
Organization: a pilot program
Organization: american —\
Organization: cities program
Person: promote home
-
http://allenarchive.iac.gatech.edu/files/original/8b126b4285ab37b109a2076ea8228d6f.pdf
db2a45f7ff7cb173b6dcf77d4792db18
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A written representation of a document.
Preliminary Draft - LANDLORD-TENANT LAW REFORM
I
Archaic landlord-tenant law and practices, once appropriate to an
agricultural society, must be reformed and modernized to meet the
need of industrialized urban America.
Ancient legal doctrine, construing a lease as a conveyance of an
interest in land rather than an agreement, leads to the holding that
the obligation of the tenant to pay rent is independent of the duty
of the landlord to repair and maintain the premises. The sole remedies thus available to the tenant to secure his rights are limited
to his vacating the premises a nd then claiming termination of the
lease or himself repairing the premises, financing the cost and thereafter cla iming a set-off against future rents.
Such limitations, while onerous to all tenants, are intolerable in
their application to poor people. Their choice of accommodations
within their means is minimal; they can neither finance repairs nor,
often, even gain access to the parts of the premises requiring repair.
\Vhile states and local governments, in proper concern for the lives,
hea lth and safety of all citizens, prescribe mi nimum standa rds for
housing accommodations, out-dated legal practices thwart the poor in
direct assertion of their rights.
II
Reforma tion of l a ndlord-tenant law is a state and local g overnment
responsibility burdened with . consequence to the National welfa re.
While appropriate solutions may vary between jurisdictions, certain
broad principles must apply throughout:
A.
St a te a n~ J oca l enforc ement of building, health a nd safety codes
must be stpe~ml ipeg ~nd imprQY?d. Admini§trgtive flexibili ty ~nd
f~@t fin ding muet be fo@tered and the ~ower af local courts
streng thened. The obligation of code compliance must be a prior
cha r g e on the property itself and a ll rights the~ein, rather than
merely a persona l obligation of the ownero
B.
Complianc e with law mu st be a basi c part of every agreement and
every righto Obligat i ons of landl or d an d tenant alike, as provided in buil ding , h ealth and safety codes , must b e construed as
cr ea ting indepen dent righ ts enforcea bl e by dir e c t l ega l acti on.
Determination of such i ssues in the cour t r oom must b e facilitate d .
Co
Public funds mu st not reward illegal -conduc t . Appropriate rent
withholding pr o.cedures must be devel oped for the welfar e tenant.
Appropria te acti ons must be taken in all public acquisitions to
the end that pric e s paid disregard valu es achieved from income
�derived in property operation contrary to minimum. building, health .
and safety codes.
* * * * * * * * * * * *
While these responsibilities are local, the Federal Government can and
has assisted:
1.
The establishment of neighborhood legal centers in slum.s by
the Director of the Office of Economic Opportunity, who are
making a major effort to help tenants secure their rights to
safe and sanitary housing.
2.
The convening of a Conference by the Attorney General to develop new procedures to insure that the rights of tenants are
fully and effectively enforced.
3.
The appointment of a Commission to make a comprehensive review
of codes, zoning, taxation and development standards.
I
III
Programs and activities of the Federal Government, while indirect in
tha t enforcement of fire prevention, housing , building , hea lth and
sanitation law is a responsibility of local government, can be of decisive importance:
A.
1.
Section lOl(a) of Public Law 171 qualifies Federal assista nce
upon the appropriate local public bodies underta king "p ositive
programs" and "a workable program" for community improvement
through the
"adoption, modernization , administration and enfor cemen t
of housing, zoning, building an d other loca l laws, codes
a nd r egula tions r ela ting to - l an d use a nd a dequat e sta ndar~s of health, s a nit a tion a nd safety f or b~il ding s , inGl1H'iin6 t}rn lUH; ~ng, CHHHlPEl.IlQY gf dwel:U,n~§ e ,,
Administrative regulations heretofor e issued by the Secretary
of Housing ari d Urban Development should be further cla r ifi ed to
dire ct s pec i fic enum.erat i on and a tt ention to t he applic a ti on
and enf or cement of loca l co de s a n d or dina nc es rel ated to life,
hea l t h an d safety t hrough out the l oc a l i t y a nd t o demon s trat e
increas ed eff or t and progress -i n s uch enforcemen t. Such enf or c ement of minimum. co des shal l b e re quired as protect i on of
l i ves an d heal th of occupants , i rresp ective of whether a basi ca lly s ound and sta ble area is t hereby crea t e d o
2.
The Se cretary of Housing and Ur ba n Devel opment can furt her impl ement t he purp os es of the l egi s l a ti on t hrough t he dev el opment
of nati onal uniform s t a t ist i cal repor t ing, whereby yardsticks
of comparabl e municipa l performance may be e stablished.
-2-
\
�3.
B.
The Secre tary of Housing a nd Urban Development can tighten
ex isting regula tions to t h e end tha t mortga g e insuran c e a va ila b le through the Federa l Housing Administration for prop erty
acquisition, rehabilitation and improvement must be conditioned up on code complia nce. At t h e s ame time, mortgag e in s urance
a nd g rants under Section 312 ca n be promoted and exp edited .
Special personnel can be . designa ted in each insuring office of
the Federal Housing Administra tion with the specific assignment
of coordinating the insuring a ctivities of that ag ency with
city building departments and community organizations to the
end that provision of proper financing for complete rehabilit a tion to meet code standards be greatly expedited.
The Secretary of Health, Education and Welfare can, by admin istrative regulation, require that each local authority pa rticipa ting
in a dministration and disbursement of relief funds establish , in
collabora tion with a ppropriate local authorities, systems of housing inspection and certification to the end that appropriate withholding of rents 1 where justified , be undertaken.
1
C.
D.
All DBpartments of Government concerned with property acqui s ition,
wherever Fe deral investment is involved , can require tha t t h e acquiring public authority demonstrate and certify that no par t of
the a ward granted or payment made represents values achieve d by
. operation contrary to local codes - of building , health and safety.
All Depa rtments of Government dealing with the a udit a n d ver ifica tion of real estate and mortg age loa n a ssets ca n require ·cer tification t h at as to the property conc erned no complaints are present ly pending by any local authority charging violation of local minimum codes of building, health and safety.
IV
At this t ime property owners in deter ior ated or declining city areas
a ssume tha t the muniqipality either cann ot or wi ll not enf or ce it§
'b-u.ilding, tHH.teing, h lth and EH:U11tat on la.ws ...... an assum:Ption be.s~d
on experience a nd occ a siona lly support e d by Federal s t atement:
" Chara c t erist i c of a typi ca l s lum ar ea is t he over c rowding
of h ous ing uni t s well b ey ond the level s permi tte d by lo cal
cod es. Any ef fort to enf orce th e occupan cy s tan da r ds of
the co de would h ave as it s immed i ate con s equenc e a massive
displa cemen t of t h e famil i es occupy i ng the overcr owded units.
Thi s might b e a cceptable i f it wer e c oupled wi th a concurrent
pr ogram t o make a va i labl e t o suc h famil ie s de c ent housing at
prices t hey can a ff ord. Unf ortuna t ely, t he latter tends to
be far sl ower an d mor e co stly than the carrying out of c ode
enforcement . In many cases local cour t s have recognized
this consequenc e and, as a matter of public policy, have
refused to p ermit enforc ement action. ·
- 3...
·\
•
I
f
!
I
�"By its very nature, a program of code enforcement re quire s
property owners to make substantial investments in repairs
and improvements in order to avoid prosecution. Unless
that investment is coupled to an increase in rental r e turns
or property values, the owner is likely never to be able to
recover the cost. But since we are still dealing with a
seriously blighted area, neither the increase in rentals or
property values is likely to occur. The present tenants
usually cannot afford higher rentals, particularly if occupancy is reduced and there are f ewer wage earners to pay
the rent. Tenants with higher incomes usually cannot be
persuaded to move into a still blighted area. The value of
the property in a priva te sale cannot be expected to increase
unless the ~entals increase nor would the repairs or improvements add significantly to the property value in the event
of a future public condemna tion.
It has been argued that rig id code enforcement in deteriorated areas will so depress property values that new pu.rcha sers will be able to afford to make the necessary repa irs
without increasing rents. In fact, this does not happen on
any broad scaleo While our understanding of the factors
whi ch motivate owners of slura property is very limited, a
recent study does c ast some light on this. The larg e
'sophisticated' owners of slum property usually have so
little of their own money invested that any f easible reduction in cost of purchasing could not equal the cost of needed repairs. On the other hand, the small 'unsophistica ted'
investor is usua lly incapable of taking advantage of any
s uch economic effects.
i'In sum, it is our belief that concentrated code enforcement
by itself in badly blighted areas would result in more turmoil than improvement of housing conditions. But to s ay that
this one appr oa ch will not work is not a satisfac tory a nswer
to a very real and pressing problem. Althoug h we have not
yet arrive d at anything we regard as a n adequate sol ut i on,
it would be extremely v a lua bl e to pres ent some of t h e problems and p ossibl e approaches in order to get broader con siderati on." (Staff Report, Housing and Urban Devel opment,
forwarded by the Secretary to Senator John Sparkman, Chairman, Subcommittee on Housing, Senate Committee on Ba nk ing
and Cu~rency, 7/26/66)
The
a ssumpt ion b e comes a self- fulfilling prophecy:
A.
Property owners r e duce ex penditures for property maintenanc e a nd
repa i r wherever possible.
Bo
Tenant and commun i ty morale collapse .
C.
Construc tive community lea d e r s hip is deni e d c re dibility.
- 4- .
I .
\
�If it be assumed that power of stat e and local g overnment to regulate
housing condition in order to preserve life, health and safety i s a
prior charg e on all interests in prope~ty, then the equation as t o the
feasibility of property repair to minimum standard is simply whether
the gross rent roll will cover current operating expense, current taxes,
and principal and interest payments to cover the cost of repair. Antecedent mortgage commitments, as well as the equity investment, are irrelevant to the issueo Were mortgagees and property owners , con trary
to existing assumptions, convinced of this contingency, their conduct
concerning property repair and maintenan ce would be altered signif icantly. In these circumstances, it would not be necessary that public action be asserted against each property in a given neighborhood in order
to reverse the prior assumptions.
A formidable case exists, therefore, for selection of a few neighborhoods in which, after complete inventory of structure condition, ownership, mortgage debt , and prior history of code enforcement , an experimental progr~m be undertaken by the appropriate local public authority,
working in collaboration with the local community, in which a number of
the possible Federal sanctions here enumerated were employed. The effort is attractive in:
1.
Presenting a new attack upon the syndrome of community decline
and collapsea
2.
Offering promise of reduced public expenditures by imposing
costs upon non-conforming properties.
3.
Generating increased voluntary compliance with minimum codes
-and standards.
-5·,
(,
\
�
Text
A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.
Text
Any textual data included in the document
Preliminary Draft — LANDLORD-TENANT LAW REFORM
ir
Archaic landlord—-tenant law and practices, once appropriate to an
agricultural society, must be reformed and modernized to meet the
need of industrialized urban America.
Ancient legal doctrine, construing a lease as a conveyance of an
interest in land rather than an agreement, leads to the holding that
the obligation of the tenant to pay rent is independent of the duty
of the landlord to repair and maintain the premises. The sole reme-
dies thus available to the tenant to secure his rights are limited
to his vacating the premises and then claiming termination of the
lease or himself repairing the premises, financing the cost and there-
after claiming a set-off against future rents.
Such limitations, while onerous to all tenants, are intolerable in
their application to poor people. Their choice of accommodations
within their means is minimal; they can neither finance repairs nor,
often, even gain access to the parts of the premises requiring repair.
While states and local governments, in proper concern for the lives,
health and safety of all citizens, prescribe minimum standards for
housing accommodations, out-—dated legal practices thwart the poor in
direct assertion of their rights.
Il
Reformation of landlord-tenant law is a state and local government
responsibility burdened with consequence to the National welfare.
While appropriate solutions may vary between jurisdictions, certain
broad principles must apply throughout:
A. State and local enforcement of building, health and safety codes
must be streamlined and improved. Administrative flexibility and
faet finding must be fostered and the power of loeal eourts
strengthened. The obligation of code compliance must be a prior
charge on the property itself and all rights therein, rather than
merely a personal obligation of the owner.
Compliance with law must be a basic part of every agreement and
every right. Obligations of landlord and tenant alike, as pro-
vided in building, health and safety codes, must be construed as
creating independent rights enforceable by direct legal action.
Determination of such issues in the courtroom must be facilitated.
Public funds must not reward illegal -conduct. Appropriate rent
withholding procedures must be developed for the welfare tenant.
Appropriate actions must be taken in all public acquisitions to
the end that prices paid disregard values achieved from income
derived in property operation contrary to minimum building, health
and safety codes.
OF Se EE Re 9 OE
While these responsibilities are local, the Federal Government can and
has assisted:
1.
The establishment of neighborhood legal centers in slums by
the Director of the Office of Economic Opportunity, who are
making a major effort to help tenants secure their rights to
safe and sanitary housing.
The convening of a Conference by the Attorney General to de-
velop new procedures to insure that the rights of tenants are
fully and effectively enforced.
The appointment of a Commission to make a comprehensive review
of codes, zoning, taxation and development standards.
III
Programs and activities of the Federal Government, while indirect in
that enforcement of fire prevention, housing, building, health and
sanitation law is a responsibility of local government, can be of de-
cisive importance:
Ae
i
Section 101(a) of Public Law 171 qualifies Federal assistance
upon the appropriate local public bodies undertaking "positive
programs" and "a workable program" for community improvement
through the
“adoption, modernization, administration and enforcement
of housing, zoning, building and other local laws, codes
and regulations relating to-land use and adequate stan-=
dards of health, sanitation and safety for buildings, in-
cluding the use and occupancy of dwellings,"
Administrative regulations heretofore issued by the Secretary
of Housing and Urban Development should be further clarified to
direct specific enumeration and attention to the application
and enforcement of local codes and ordinances related to life,
health and safety throughout the locality and to demonstrate
increased effort and progress in such enforcement. Such en-
forcement of minimum codes shall be required as protection of
lives and health of occupants, irrespective of whether a basic-
ally sound and stable area is thereby created.
The Secretary of Housing and Urban Development can further im-
plement the purposes of the legislation through the development
of national uniform statistical reporting, whereby yardsticks
of comparable municipal performance may be established,
=B=
A
“I
\ AME
A a
3. The Secretary of Housing and Urban Development can tighten
existing regulations to the end that mortgage insurance avail-
able through the Federal Housing Administration for property
acquisition, rehabilitation and improvement must be condition=—
ed upon code compliance. At the same time, mortgage insurance
and grants under Section 312 can be promoted and expedited.
Special personnel can be. designated in each insuring office of
the Federal Housing Administration with the specific assignment
of coordinating the insuring activities of that agency with
city building departments and community organizations to the
end that provision of proper financing for complete rehabili-
tation to meet code standards be greatly expedited.
The Secretary of Health, Education and Welfare can, by administra-
tive regulation, require that each local authority participating
in administration and disbursement of relief funds establish, in
collaboration with appropriate local authorities, ‘systems of hous-—
ing inspection and certification to the end that appropriate with-
holding of rents, where justified, be undertaken.
All Departments of Government concerned with property acquisition,
wherever Federal investment is involved, can require that the ac—
quiring public authority demonstrate and certify that no part of
the award granted or payment made represents values achieved by
operation contrary to local codes-of building, health and safety.
All Departments of Government dealing with the audit and verifica-
tion of real estate and mortgage loan assets can require certifi-
cation that as to the property concerned no complaints are present—
ly pending by any local authority charging violation of local mini-
mum codes of building, health and safety.
IV
At this time property owners in deteriorated or declining city areas
assume that the municipality either cannot or will not enforce its
building, housing, health and sanitation laws == an assumption based
on experience and occasionally supported by Federal statement:
"Characteristic of a typical slum area is the overcrowding
of housing units well beyond the levels permitted by local
codes. Any effort to enforce the occupancy standards of
the code would have as its immediate consequence a massive
displacement of the families occupying the overcrowded units.
This might be acceptable if it were coupled with a concurrent
program to make available to such families decent housing at
prices they can afford. Unfortunately, the latter tends to
be far slower and more costly than the carrying out of code
enforcement. In many cases local courts have recognized
this consequence and, as a matter of public policy, have
refused to permit enforcement action.
aj
"By its very nature, a program of code enforcement requires
property owners to make substantial investments in repairs
and improvements in order to avoid prosecution. Unless
that investment is coupled to an increase in rental returns
or property values, the owner is likely never to be able to
recover the cost. But since we are still dealing with a
seriously blighted area, neither the increase in rentals or
property values is likely to occur. The present tenants
usually cannot afford higher rentals, particularly if occu-
pancy is reduced and there are fewer wage earners to pay
the rent. Tenants with higher incomes usually cannot be
persuaded to move into a still blighted area. The value of
the property in a private sale cannot be expected to increase
unless the rentals increase nor would the repairs or improve-
ments add significantly to the property value in the event
of a future public condemnation.
"It has been argued that rigid code enforcement in deteri-
orated areas will so depress property values that new pur-
chasers will be able to afford to make the necessary repairs
without increasing rents. In fact, this does not happen on
any broad scale. While our understanding of the factors
which motivate owners of slum property is very limited, a
recent study does cast some light on this. The large
'sophisticated' owners of slum property usually have so
little of their own money invested that any feasible reduc
tion in cost of purchasing could not equal the cost of need-—
ed repairs. On the other hand, the small ‘unsophisticated!
investor is usually incapable of taking advantage of any
such economic effects.
"In sum, it is our belief that concentrated code enforcement
by itself in badly blighted areas would result in more tur-
moil than improvement of housing conditions. But to say that
this one approach will not work is not a satisfactory answer
to a very real and pressing problem. Although we have not
yet arrived at anything we regard as an adequate solution,
it would be extremely valuable to present some of the prob-—-
lems and possible approaches in order to get broader con-
sideration." (Staff Report, Housing and Urban Development,
forwarded by the Secretary to Senator John Sparkman, Chair-
man, Subcommittee on Housing, Senate Committee on Banking
and Currency, 7/26/66)
The assumption becomes a self-fulfilling prophecy:
A. Property owners reduce expenditures for property maintenance and
repair wherever possible.
Tenant and community morale collapse.
Constructive community leadership is denied credibility.
= hic
If it be assumed that power of state and local government to regulate -
housing condition in order to preserve life, health and safety is a
prior charge on all interests in property, then the equation as to the
feasibility of property repair to minimum standard is simply whether
the gross rent roll will cover current operating expense, current taxes,
and principal and interest payments to cover the cost of repair. Ante-
cedent mortgage commitments, as well as the equity investment, are ir-
relevant to the issue, Were mortgagees and property owners, contrary
to existing assumptions, convinced of this contingency, their conduct
concerning property repair and maintenance would be altered significant-—
ly. In these circumstances, it would not be necessary that public ac-
tion be asserted against each property in a given neighborhood in order
to reverse the prior assumptions.
A formidable case exists, therefore, for selection of a few neighbor-—
hoods in which, after complete inventory of structure condition, owner-
ship, mortgage debt, and prior history of code enforcement, an experi-
mental program be undertaken by the appropriate local public authority,
working in collaboration with the local community, in which a number of
the possible Federal sanctions here enumerated were employed, The ef-
fort is attractive in:
1. Presenting a new attack upon the syndrome of community decline
and collapse.
2. Offering promise of reduced public expenditures by imposing
costs upon non-conforming properties.
3. Generating increased voluntary compliance with minimum codes
-and standards.
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Box 22, Folder 19, Document 5
Box 22
Box 22 Folder 19
Folder topic: Task Force on Cities | 1966
Geopolitical Entity: United States
Law: section 312
Organization: ame
Organization: departments of government
Organization: federal investment
Organization: health, education and welfare
Organization: HUD
Organization: of housing and urban development
Organization: senate committee on banking and currency
Organization: staff report, housing and urban development
Organization: subcommittee on housing
Organization: the federal government
Organization: the federal housing administration
Organization: the office of economic opportunity
Person: a. property
Person: a. state
Person: ae
Person: archaic
Person: john sparkman
Person: se ee
-
http://allenarchive.iac.gatech.edu/files/original/8899f68f0a56e4f858d1af63ee51610a.pdf
163245cf2f6c1aaa35f5c2be0901de9b
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Transcription
A written representation of a document.
Knowledgable Persons in Neighborhood Centers Field
Dr. Fred Duhl (Dro Duhl 1 s brother)
Mass. General Hospital
Boston, Mass.
V
Marvin Labes
Mayor's Committee for Total Action
Against Poverty
Detroit, Michigan
/ Sanford K~rvitz
'
Brand'?is University
V
Mr o - - - - - = c , . - - - ~ Lall
Director, Poverty Program
New Orleans, I,ao
J
Richard Strickhartz
Detroit, Michigan
David Hunter
Stern Family Fund
Robert Choate
Public Affairs Foundation
Washington, D. Co
Henrik Blum 1~·1 , 0 ·
I
Contra~Costa County Health Depto
Martinez, California
Mel Roman
Albert Einstein College
Bronxj New York
Dinii t ri Ia trides f.G'i'!~ffik ~_;
Hyland Lewis
Howard Univers ity
Howard .Nemorovski
l IL,...,
San Francisco, California
•
r ,
Boston College (Avail able in Uanuary)
'}'..A., \ -v
V\-,
J ·.-
( ··..
. .
-1..
1._ .;
. Antonia Chayes
ABCD
Boston 1 Masso
~[,0
,
Mortimer Brown
Chicago, Illinois
Norman Lourie
Pao Depto of Public Welfare
Richard Poston
N. C. Dept. of Welfare
Lee Rainwat er
Was hi ngton Uni versit y
Sto Louis; Missouri
?~orth Carolina Fund
Her rw.n Gallegos (Mex ic an )
National Commi t tee on Civil Rights
Francis McKinl ey (I ndi an)
Ari zona State Unive rsity
Dr. Geor ge Es se r, Director
,.\
.•
1
Barney 0_ Cayote
(
V'-v
Rev. Arthur Braz i er (Negro )
Pres . Woodlawn Org z.
Chicagoi Illinois
U.S. Dept o of Interior
Salt Lake City.., Ut ah
Preston Wi l cox (Ne gro )
Columbi a Uni vo School of Soci al Work
-.'f.-·-r.lt.u A
· .<V-J ~
~ ';1~
/
ML ~
llJ~ ~#_,Mb
John ~!artin (Negr o)
OEO San Franc i sco Regional Off i ce
--~
/4.,.&,v·J.,,4~J&:
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Knowledgable Persons in Neighborhood Centers Field
Dr. Fred Duhl (Dre Duhl's brother) Sanford K rvitz
Mass. General Hospital Brandeis University
Boston, Masse
Marvin Labes Richard Strickhartz
Mayor's Committee for Total Action / Detroit, Michigan
Against Poverty
Detroit, Michigan
Mr. Lall David Hunter
Director, Poverty Program / Stern Family Fund
New Orleans, Lao
Robert Choate : Henrik Blum Pde
Public Affairs Foundation Contra«Costa County Health Dept. a
Washington, D. Co ; Martinez, California
Me]. Roman Dimitri Iatricdes (Greek
Albert Einstein College Boston College (Available in January) |
Bronx, New York Jucw wn face ce
Hyland Lewis - ; . Antonia Chayes
foward University ABCD \
he _aaLNl Boston, Masse " aw ow
Howard Nemorovski (ue gS Lt ye
San Francisco, California : Mortimer Brown a a
Chicago, Illinois
Norman Lourie
Pae Dept. of Public Welfare Richard Poston
' N. C. Dept. of Welfare
Lee Rainwater
Washington University Dr. George Esser, Director
St. Louis, Missouri. North Careolina Fand
Herman Gallegos (Mexican) Francis McKinley (Indian)
National Committee on Civil Rights Arizona State University
fie }
Barney O'Cayote Rev. Arthur Brazier (Negro)
U. S. Dept. of Interior Pres. Woodlawn Orgs.
Salt Lake City, Uteh Chicago, Illinois
Preston Wilcox (Negro) John Martin (Negro)
Columbia Univ. School of Social Work OEO San Francisco Regional Office
Me 5 Tee. Mbt? cheakeat GAL Chie hes is hon Moree tbyeobl a, Cy
4a, 6 olla Dull onf Hue
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Title
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Box 22, Folder 19, Document 4
Box 22
Box 22 Folder 19
Event: against poverty
Folder topic: Task Force on Cities | 1966
Geopolitical Entity: boston
Geopolitical Entity: bronx
Geopolitical Entity: California
Geopolitical Entity: Chicago
Geopolitical Entity: detroit
Geopolitical Entity: illinois
Geopolitical Entity: martinez
Geopolitical Entity: masse
Geopolitical Entity: michigan
Geopolitical Entity: missouri
Geopolitical Entity: new orleans
Geopolitical Entity: new york jucw
Geopolitical Entity: north careolina
Geopolitical Entity: salt lake city
Geopolitical Entity: san francisco
Geopolitical Entity: st. louis
Geopolitical Entity: Washington DC
Organization: albert einstein college boston college
Organization: antonia chayes
Organization: barney o'cayote
Organization: committee for total action / detroit
Organization: d. co
Organization: foundation contra«costa county health dept
Organization: general hospital brandeis university boston
Organization: henrik blum pde
Organization: hue
Organization: interior pres
Organization: knowledgable persons
Organization: mass.
Organization: mayor's
Organization: national committee on civil rights arizona state university
Organization: negro) u. s.
Organization: neighborhood centers field
Organization: pae dept
Organization: poverty program / stern family fund
Organization: public welfare richard poston '
Organization: rainwater
Organization: school of social work oeo san francisco regional office me
Organization: university abcd
Organization: washington university
Person: arthur brazier
Person: dre duhl's
Person: francis mckinley
Person: fred duhl
Person: gal chie
Person: george esser
Person: howard nemorovski
Person: hyland lewis - ;
Person: john martin
Person: lall david hunter
Person: lao
Person: marvin labes
Person: moree
Person: mortimer brown
Person: n. c. dept
Person: norman lourie
Person: richard strickhartz
Person: robert choate :
Person: roman dimitri
Person: sanford k
Person: woodlawn orgs
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http://allenarchive.iac.gatech.edu/files/original/08a4d9bdc8f064310d5c8e9d8144a669.pdf
ba933f31acaaa9dc0e8fdb95a818fcaf
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7 ame wr ry
2 TOs
ae . f
aes 3 ON EASCULIVS Edel a vuabh toh avd be betes
Wome a
Yovembar j0, 1566 {noratag
nator Abranag Ribleoff, Chairana of the Gubcomnitice
start of today*s hearing Henator Ribteoff acknowledised the
f a report prepared et the vomasnt ef the Subcommitiaa by
refferman on beohaly of the Department. fenator Rilbicof?
Mr. FefZernan; as “s note’ authority on urban affairs" and
ectlered that the resort ande en important contribution to the under}
stending of urben proolens.
i,
ROY wILKINS, Zuccutive Director, National Associaticn for Advancement
ey Colored Psonle.
Mr. Wilkins dlscuscéed the reasons progress aimed at
helping the Negro kod not comple aoe Si ats plight. He
criticized the viewpoint that the ) ead palr end wlatrust
rindi Hagroecs jastifys & slecke: ine ” Bo wentel efforts. The
spansion of federal programs in housing, acnsson, employment, sad
eivia rights was urgea. The following specific points wore male
Guring his testimony;
“he Ineressed Fyoonditures for Low Incevws Movsing
—-
Mr. Wilkins advocated en imnediate end largescale expansion of ; Govarnnen
expenditures which cove Rous. ra for low incoms fauilies. Ee suggested
~ the $50 blliion figure mentic med in racent diccussions of urbon
ehabilitation wean Was & realistic eztimate of the anount eae
ta achicve @ substantial iupact on the prebleu of substandard hx
The wnactaent of oueina 3 leglelation curing the O9th Congress x
merely a first step.
2. fhe Penorntration Cities Progress
i, Wilking declared that the Denonstration Cities Progrea mist not
soliton @ glorified form of urban rencwal. He expressed coafidence
that Seeretary Weaver would —_e the progres so thet ite
objectives would te realised
H/GRY GOLDEN, Publisher, Carolina Israslite
Me. Colden maintained thet the Foderel geverament was the only institution
which could direct the attack upen urban problems. He stresaed thas
relience upon the private sector should not dead to a weakening of the
Feceral govermient's leadership role.
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Box 22, Folder 19, Document 3
Box 22
Box 22 Folder 19
Folder topic: Task Force on Cities | 1966
Geopolitical Entity: publisher
Geopolitical Entity: subcommitiaa
Organization: chairana of the gubcomnitice
Organization: congress
Organization: guring
Organization: hagroecs
Organization: national associaticn for advancement ey colored psonle
Organization: on easculivs edel
Organization: penorntration cities
Organization: seeretary weaver
Organization: the denonstration cities progrea
Organization: wilking
Organization: zuccutive
Person: —_e
Person: abranag ribleoff
Person: carolina israslite me
Person: colden
Person: fefzernan
Person: foderel
Person: govarnnen
Person: h/gry golden
Person: henator ribteoff
Person: rilbicof
Person: rous
Person: roy
Person: si
Person: wilkins
Person: yovembar j0
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http://allenarchive.iac.gatech.edu/files/original/c1ced1295eabb05acda1f9ef11624f02.pdf
9ab4675f90a711885f634e18dd4c5acb
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grou.9 fro:n tile b~i.n,~tt~ ei."!d fir:,2~~! 0-l c .... ::-;-:.::'iit.y v:~ich \K,u. h'i C";-:.:vl o'3
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~vioory ~u ,._ !:.~icr~o the Sa-erota;.r-,1 uf t li~ 'l'l'\,,c..m.u··s on If.t:;;;:r,4.~ti.cn:'ll.
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5. The .M visibilit;'[_of Establis ing a "Comsat". TYP,e CoI7?orat.ion for
Urban Rchab:!.l it,ation .
r Senator
Jav1ts expreGSed t;he hOl e that, the adoinistra.tion .C>inelly
~ had realized the vsJ.ue of Jchc "Comsat II approach to housinG problems .
Mr . Rocltefell er co!i'.U:lented t hat t c success of t· .e or i 3inol " Comsc.t 11
undertaking is no guarantee t hat a nimilar cpproo.ch uould nee sGa.rily
succeed in t he housing field . .i:!.e streosed 'chat participation by
p1·iva.te business in urban rchebili·Gati on 'ff..i.11 'be as~m-ed only if a
prof it can be realized .
6. The Action of FlJ.:,~A. in .faking
A.reilable $250 l{i.llion in Specit£_
Assi s t ance FQnds .
Senator Ribicoff SU§~ested t ~at in view of the tightness of t he money
market the total umount of special assistance :funds authorized by
Congress should have been rel eas d .
Mr. Rockefeller stated that the administration policy on special
assistance funds was reasonable.
1;,
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Text
A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.
Text
Any textual data included in the document
MS OF DVIEREST RELATED TO iD RALSED
Ae git .aes * ARTES ops ey peers
EDICGTE SUBGOM SALES Oo 3 Siew a ave fe= thE: GAL eed
Tne Kivicoflf subcommittce resumed today lts benrvings on the proper
role of the fedsral governzent in the attack ca urban problems.
Senunter Rioleor? relessed & list of 37 whlinceses who will enpear
before the subocnalttes Curing the poerlod Novemoor 9-December 15.
A copy of the list is attached.
David Rockefeller, Prasident of the Chate Manhatten Bank, was the
sole witness at this mornings’s seasion. Mr. Nachkefeller @eserlbe
several efforts by private busincsocs in the ficla of urban rensbilitae
tion which indicate that the private sector has the eapacity for ine
erenced participation Im the solution of uvoen problems. He discussed
the factors influencing the macunt of business involvement in the .
eifairs of the city. Tha main points raiaed In his testimony and
éuring the questicsing seriod wexe the following;
1. The Need for Commercially Orilentated Redevelonment
Mr. Rockefeller stressed that usiess urben redevelopment projects ia
thea central cities gonerate aubstmmtlal tax revcnucs thoy will have
@ harufal impact on the Sinancial position of the city as a who
ae The Promor Role of Businesses in the Solution of tirbsen Problets
Mr. Rockefeller écclarad thet urban rehabilitation is primorily th :
joo of private enterprise.
3. The Nesd for Governmmt Eaccuronemens of Risiness Fertictuation
in Urban Tevelonment
Mr. ‘Rockefaller maintained tint greater govermaent encouragement of
business participation in urban Gevelupuant le necessary. fin calicd
for tax incentives to encourage investment in urban rehabilitation
Note } as well as closer Liason between government units and the private
sector.
h, ous Estsbitennont of a Pusinens AAvinory Comittee to the
a ra OP aS ee ee pave 5: ceca reacreae eta e IN
on
oe rte, Le ats fe Lee = ee x
retery of Pouging ond Urban fevelorment
Mr. Rockefeller urged that consideration be given to Suiting up &
group from the business and financial community which would advice
the Secretary of Housing and Urban Developient. He noted Sha &
eivicory group assists the Seerctary of the Treasury on International
Monetary Arranges. ots.
5. The Advisibility of Establishing a "Comsat" Type Corporation for
Urban Rehabilitation.
Senator Javits expressed the hope that the atininistration finally
had realized the value of the "Comsat" approach to housing problems.
Mr. Rockefeller commented that the success of the original "Comsat"
undertaking is no guarantee that a sir approach would necessarily
succeed in the housing field. He st that participation by
private business in urban rehebilitat. will be assured only if a
profit can be realized.
6. The Action of FUMA in Moking Availoble $250 Million in Special
Assistance Fonds.
Senetor Ribicoff suggested that in view of the tightness of the money
market the total amount of special assistance funds authorized by
Congress should have been released.
Mr. Rockefeller stated that the administration polloy on special
assistance funds was reasonable.
Dublin Core
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Title
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Box 22, Folder 19, Document 2
Box 22
Box 22 Folder 19
Folder topic: Task Force on Cities | 1966
Geopolitical Entity: curing
Geopolitical Entity: moking
Organization: commercially orilentated redevelonment
Organization: comsat
Organization: congress
Organization: gal
Organization: HUD
Organization: international monetary arranges
Organization: nesd
Organization: pouging ond urban
Organization: pusinens aavinory comittee
Organization: risiness fertictuation
Organization: sha &
Organization: sinancial
Organization: suiting up &
Organization: the action of fuma
Organization: the advisibility of establishing
Organization: the chate manhatten bank
Organization: treasury
Person: david rockefeller
Person: governmmt eaccuronemens
Person: javits
Person: liason
Person: nachkefeller
Person: rockefeller
Person: senetor ribicoff
Person: tne kivicoflf
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01162c2929671affad845462b0e6c13c
Scripto
Transcription
A written representation of a document.
Copy f or Mayor Allen
STANDARD FORM NO. 1012a
7 G AO 5300
10 12-206
VOUCHER
PA YEE"S NAME
,...,...,..,..,..,•.,
0.
PAID BY
Ivan Allen Jr .
MAILING ADDRESS
RESIDENCE
O FFICIAL DUTY STATION
w
Atl.anta,. Georgi a
on . D. C.
TRAVEL ADVANCE
FOR TRAVEL AND OTHER EXPENSES
TO (DA"rE )
er 2
ovember 28 1
APPLICABLE TRAVEL AUTHORIZATION(S )
NO.
s NONE
O utstanding
Amount co be applied
DATE
11..10..66
Balance to remain
S
outstanding
TRANSPORTATION REQUESTS ISSUED
TRANSPORTATION
REQUEST NUMBER
AGENrs
VALUATION
OF TICKET
INIT IA LS O F
CARRI ER
ISSUING
TICKET
MO D E. CLASS
O F SERVICE.
ANO ACCOMMODATIONS '
POINTS OF T RAVEL
DATE
ISSUED
FROM-
TO -
AMOUNT
CLAIMED
~
APPROVED ( Supervisory an_d other approvals when required)
Dollars
C ts
116
00
DIFFERENCES:
---- ------------------- -- ---------- --------+-------+------------ ------ ----- -- --- ---- ------------- ------ -+-------+-NEXT PREVIO US VO UCHER PAID UNDER SAME TRAVEL AUTHORITY
VOUCHER NO.
D .O. SYM BOL
DATE (MONTH - YEAR)
Total verified correct for charge co appropriacion (s)
Applied to trave l advance (appropriation symbol )
N ETTO
TRAVELER
ACCOUNTING CLASSIFICATION ( Appropriation symbol must be shown; other classification optional)
• Abbreviations for Pullman accom modations: MR, master room; D R, drawinl( room ; CP, compartment; BR, bedroom ; DSR, duplex single room ; RM, roomette;
ORM, duplex roomette ; SOS, sing le occupancy section ; LB, lower berth; UB, upper berrh ; LB-UB, lower and upper berth ; S1 seat.
�SCHEDULE OF EXPENSES AND AMOUNTS CLAIMED
PREVIOUS TEMPORAR¥ DUTY (Comp lete these blocks only if in tra vel status immediately prior to period co vered by this voucher and if administratively required )
DEPARTURE FROM OFFICIAL STATION
TEMPORARY DUTY STATION LAST DAY OF PRECEDING VOUCHER PERIOD
(DATE)
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w.,_, ~ n.:.,_r.on.
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No. OF
MILES
AMOUNT CLAIMED
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~
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-
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U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTIN 2(t: 1c()Q.96l
0-,61
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Text
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STANDARD FORM NO. 1012a
7 GAO $300
1012-206
DEPARTMENT, BUREAU. OR ESTABLISHMENT
Housing and Urben Development
Cc r for May ALL
TRAVEL VOUCHER ——~S
MEMORANDUM
PAYEE’ S NAME
Ivan Allen, Jr.
MAILING ADDRESS
City Hell
Atlenta, Georgia 30303
OFFICIAL DUTY STATION
eis Cc.
[RESIDENCE
Atlenta, Georgia
FOR TRAVEL AND OTHER EXPENSES
FROM (DATE) TO (DATE)
27 ovember 28,1
APPLICABLE TRAVEL AUTHORIZATION (S)
TRAVEL ADVANCE
s NONE
Outstanding
Amount to be applied
NO. DATE
12-10-66 —
Balance to remain
outstanding
TRANSPORTATION REQUESTS ISSUED __ a:
POINTS OF TRAVEL
ENT INITIALS OF | MODE, CLASS |
VALUE CARRIER OF SERVICE, | DATE wea oa
OFTICKET | ISSUING | AND ACCOM. | ISSUED
TICKET | MODATIONS * |
TRANSPORTATION
REQUEST NUMBER
FROM—
|
Dollars
116
AMOUNT
CLAIMED
APPROVED (Supervisory and other approvals when required ) DIFFERENCES:
NEXT PREVIOUS VOUCHER PAID UNDER SAME TRAVEL AUTHORITY
VOUCHER NO. D.O, SYMBOL DATE (MONTH-YEAR)
Total verified correct for charge to appropriation(s)
Applied to travel advance (appropriation symbol )
NET TO ~
TRAVELER
ACCOUNTING CLASSIFICATION ( Appropriation symbol must be shown; other classification optional )
= een for Pullman accommodations: MR, master room; DR, drawing room; CP, compartment; Be Redioom; DSR, duplex single room; RM, roomette;
DRM, duplex roomette; SOS, single occupancy section; LB, lower berth; UB, upper berth; LB~UB, lower and upper be seat.
SCHEDULE OF EXPENSES AND AMOUNTS CLAIMED
PREVIOUS TEMPORARY DUTY ( Complete these blocks only if in aa Status immediately prior to period covered by this voucher and if admin-
istratively required )
ARTURE ST RARY DUTY STATION LAST DAY OF PRECEDING VOUCHER PERIOD
(DATE) (HOUR) (LOCATION) (DATE OF ARRIVAL)
AUTHORIZED
MILEAGE AMOUNT CLAIMED
NATURE OF EXPENSE RATE ¢
SPEEDOMETER | No. OF
READINGS Mice MILEAGE SUBSISTENCE OTHER
Grand total to face of voucher
(Subtotals, to be carried forward if necessary) >
U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTINGMBrige\Yos2 0
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Box 22, Folder 19, Document 1
Box 22
Box 22 Folder 19
Event: claimed
Event: transportation
Folder topic: Task Force on Cities | 1966
Geopolitical Entity: atlenta
Geopolitical Entity: d.o
Geopolitical Entity: Georgia
Organization: authorized mileage
Organization: bureau
Organization: carrier of service
Organization: cp
Organization: drm
Organization: dsr
Organization: issued
Organization: lb
Organization: points of travel
Organization: redioom
Organization: rm
Organization: same travel authority
Organization: sos
Organization: subtotals
Organization: symbol
Organization: transportation
Organization: ub
Organization: urben development cc
Person: ~ub
Person: establishment housing
Person: expense
Person: Ivan Allen
Person: mileage subsistence other grand
-
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5679f3667d4abfb2f0725b8d997fc2b2
Scripto
Transcription
A written representation of a document.
L
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.
Letter of Transmittal
2.
Introduction
3.
Problem Statement
4.
Strategy for Meeting Problem
I.
(?)
Increasing our knowledge of
solutions to _urban problems
II.
Federal action to strengthen state
and local ability for meeting the
problem
III.
oi urban disparities
Focusing and increasing the level
of Federal. assistance directed at
urban disparities
IV.
Reforming the administration of
Federal urban pr?grams to provide
simplification fl e xibility and
decentralization
V.
Increasing the prospects for
integration in metropolitan areas
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lhe:c e are no urb2.n solu ticns of ar...y va li2:.ty ,.~hicj:. c:i ~--..8t
'-- ---~'--------
deal d ~rec t ly w:th the que s tio~s pcsed by this se~re~ at ion.
7he racts are th2s e :
of th es e Negroes h ave i::·,,::.:::_~e:s
c 2~t ~~ 1 ci~ies is ~eg~o , and
o:: E.::1.2 liorE.tive pub l i c prog ra::is, th e prop ortion. of Negroes ·- -· _. __--.t::..-a l
city ~C)Llat ion wi ll rise to - - ---
, ,·,i t h
a _ _ _ _ _ percentag~
By 19'i8, be ::·__ pro :Jo:::-t i o;:1s will be
3y 1~33 our c e~trel city popula ti on wil:
j e
The se a re ? er c enta2;e s-o f the total po~ulatio~ of ail
By 1973
\_; •,:. .:.L.._
.i..:...
le ast ten of our ma jor citi es wil l be ?re~c~ 143.215.248.55 16:58, 29 December 2017 (EST)t!y
Xeg ro ; by 1983 , at l east t w2nty, inc l uding Chi c ago , Philad el143.215.248.55 16:58, 29 December 2017 (EST)
Clevc.~3:1.c, Detroit and Eel t i more .
s~~c e A=er 1can ~ i nori t y g r ou~s t r a ~itio~ally have sough t and won
I~ s c:-:".e cases their asc.er,_dency was
~ur ~2~o rt discuss e s this se g r2 sa tio~ as it affects Nesroes.
=ri_ -:·.2ny ci l.:i~s, of co:.: :::- s2, ·:.-:-2 c~-: .::. ~2.:: 2::.:-:- i :--:; to a p::.--01.) l c::-:1 \·~~-..ic~-:
~n~:cl2s N~ ~=ces and ~ex ~ca~ A~2~ ic 2~s c:~ ~egrc es a~d PL ~~to S~:~~s.
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.:.. :.:_:,2 -:::2--:-._y of t~:2::.r ?:: c·.)~2::-.s - =- J~., ~~--..cc.-:-:2> po.:.::- 2:c·.~c::.~i...J:12. ~
subst::.:iC.c..rcl hou s :.·_·_--· . · -._; :.1 bi::-t:Ci. ::- 2. :: es , s-::8 .. - a:-c2
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e:--: peri2llce b.as bee::i a hea ltl1y 011e for ou:r- pluralis ;i :ic politic 2 l
·sys :: e:-;: .
G.ispers:ion
~e groes .
We therefore ~esr
ttEt
th e
____
r"\ ~--
2~1ci
CGETI 72 S
.! ::,
-
in c 1~v li~e a~d ~c ~i tical
pr ob&~i lity of this con f rontEtio~ is but we are c ertain that it is h i g~
2nou3h to b e a cause for concern.
Its pe;tential d an3 e rs li e· in t :,e follcw ing:
1.
The growin3 d is affection nnJ aliena tion o f Negro ghetto
r2.s ic 2nt s 2.nd incre as ing ..ii li tancy ,,nich r esLl ts, to gether with
i~crea sing viol ence in citi es .
2,
The still po:-1e rful fo:::- c e o f ot::t - rnigration by whit e :r,ic:c:..c-
fro:.:i
4.
city.
The in~b ility o~ raoderate ?O litica l l ea~ership t o respo~c
t o th e pressu~es o f larg e r a~d l a rger poor populations .
�__
- - -- -i- - - - ---·------ - - - -----_,,__ _____________ ____ -- -----·-
,.
!
3
Of t:.e ~ eg:r:oes ,-1ho live
ci~ies not only because it i s ~or&ily ri ght and not only because of
Th e c. e:-::.::..:-_-.:s o:E
uh ict-. u lt :;_ ,,i.s.te ly 1:-1i ll t est seve::.-ely t he_ v alu2s o f Ar:-.er_ic.sn s oe: i c.'.::y .
Integra tion> 1r it does notiing else, ~ay help to r educ e : 2nsions .
- ·-
l&rger integr a tion w~ich
-:.:.:st cc::ie i n. the futu:c2 .
~oce~s t e ll u s t ~a t s i ~ply h o l d~n~ the s i ze of c e n:~nl citv ~~e t:os
6JO,O0O ~egroes a year i ~to predcmi~an: l y ,~i~e su~urb s.
Ct..:.t --- ~~ g r- c.t i C:l .,
Cur c r~2e cost c a~c~lctio~s fo~ prov id i ng ev e~
rc1i2ir:-_;_.:_m .scce:_:,tabl e level
or
2
soci&l se:..-v ic s s 1n all centr-21 city g'.ic::t to s
i ·c.dica te f e deral expenditure:: ?at:t e:c11s cf georr:etric c..r:.d un l ike ly
Ev2~y avc il sb l e in~ic&t o r of
he deterio r2t in ; c o~~etitive posi~ion
_L
�1.
,
L·r
o~ tt e te~tr~I c~tv (th2r2 are o~ c ourse subst anti a l dif~er~nces
descriptive of Los Anse l cs ).
citi es are l agging beiind t~c rest of the nation by a
S pe ci fical ty:
~etail 2sta blish~ents
by 95% for th e rest of t he ~ation, b~t by only 41% i n citi~s .
- ?2r ca? ite inco2e chang es in city relativ2 to suburb.
- ?rcdict eC: joo
c--...- ...~1.:.
r. t. st :
~. 3 ~
~ r 143.215.248.55s
or public a ttitudes .
Su ch c t a~g e s , ho~ever , a r e b ot h u ~lii2 ly
~. :e
r e c: ogn.iz2
�5
It is a pparent tha t s egr esotion b; r a ce and inca~e i n our
to c ::'fset it .
sore than laws and fed e ril polici e s , but we suggest t~e place to
In sur;i:r.ary, t he Ta sk Force icec1t i fi2s 2.s n p::cob l e!:: of . th G
g ::- 22.test n2t icnai urgency U1 e :;rowt:::. a,1d ? Ove r 'c.y of c e:-,tral c:: ·.:;:
.)
W2 b eli e v e th.=-.t this situa tic1n al:::- cady p::-.· ovide s a driv in,;
=o::c e i n u rban dec l ine and t h at it s effect is - increased
0y t :.,e u:1~c,u2.l patteri'. o:: u r tm1 d2velo?cent .
2. )
'.,J2 E.::.- 2
co, ,vinced tha t e. d rc.r,,a t i c co:-if :cont at ion b et~veen
~ l r e e.dy i s bui lding in ~ost of ou r urb a n ar e as .
3)
~n the absence of st2. t 2; fec2ra i a~d loc a l 2.ct ion on a
th ~se prob l ems will grow l ~r~cr , mor e dangerou s to Arncr ic rn
soc i e t y 8~d i ~creas i ng ly c i ff ~cult to solv e .
·/.:
�6_
We therefore recommend a series of strategies designed
to:
1.
Increase individual access to jobs, education,
income, housing and other social services.
2.
Increase racial and income integration in
metropolitan areas.
3.
Increase the proportion of middle-class population,
especially Negro, in central cities.
4.
Increase the ability of new immigrants to adjust
to urban life.
5.
Increase the ability of all levels of governments
to deal with these problems.
Meeting th e goals will be costly and difficult.
It will
require, in our judgment, a well 6rganized process of innovation,
focusing resources at scale , moving towards increased
flexibility and strengthening th e position of mayors, some
governors, urban universities and others who can be counted
as · urban alli e s.
Our strategy for urban chang e and the
recommendations which flow from it is designed to overcome
five critical limits or present abilities for meeting urban
goals.
�,
7
1)
Capacity is limited by difficulty of effecting
metropolitan integration directly.
2)
Capacity is limited by city and state fiscal
and administrative weakness.
3)
Capacity is limited by the dispersion and low
level of Federal assistance to cities.
4)
Capacity is limited by Federal procedures,
program practices, centra~ization, an~ inflexibility.
5)
Capacity is limited by the state of the art for
solving urban problems.
The five sets of reco~me ndations which follow are
intended to outline a strategy which will increase
significantly th e ability of Federal, state and local
governments to respond to the problems posed by urb an
segregation and disparities.
�L
,
I.
Increasing race and income integration in urban areas
The Problem
Of all the problems the Task Force has addressed, none is
more vexing than the question of devising effective strategies
to integrate metropolitan areas.
We nonetheless believe that
the highest priority must be given to integration.
Without it,
ghetto families will be denied the opportunities enjoyed by the
urban majority; they will be forced to live in the least attractive
housing at increasing distances from the growth sector of the
urban economy; and the problems of a disaffected minority
will be concentrated in the ceritral cities.
Although improving the standard of living is absolutely
essential if ghetto residents are to move into the mainstream
of _Americ an life, it is illusory to beli eve that enrichment
alone will guarantee int egra tion.
The residential patt e rns of
every American city and metropolitan area document the fact
that income does not provide Negroes with the sam e freedom of
choice . that other Ame ric ans enjoy in th e urban housing mark et .
Equally important, the dec entralized political system of the
metropoli s employs l and us e and ot he r public controls to limit
sev ere ly hou s ing opportuniti es in s uburbia for a ll lowe r income
families.
A prime imp ediment to the dispersion of th e ghetto is th e fact
th at larg e numb e rs of city dwell ers and s ubu rbanites are oppo se d
to resid en tial inte gration and integrat e d education.
In th e
�6
2
central cities, the opponents of integration usually have more
influence at City Hall than the residents of the ghetto.
In the
suburbs, the Negro has no political voice; and the local
political system employs a variety of devices to satisfy its
constituents' desire to exclude Negroes in particular, and
lower income families in general, from their neighborhoods.
As a practical matter, an integration strategy must encompass
the metropolitan area.
Given the projected ghetto growth rates
and the likelihood of Negro majorities in a number of major
cities, integration cannot be accomplishe d within the confines
of the central city.
In fact , an integration strategy which
excludes the suburbs would only serve to hasten the exodus of
white families from the centr a l cities.
Anothe r r eason for d ev e loping disp e rsion strat eg ies in a
me tropolit an context is th e fa ct th a t th e hou sing marke t f unc tions ove r an entire metropolitan area.
Operating within a
local rath e r th an me tropolitan cont ext, federal housing programs ,
especially tho se aimed at th e di sadv antaged, h ave don e littl e
to foster disp e rsion.
In fact, more oft en than not, these
programs hav e encoura ge d r es id enti a l s egrega tion.
· Few me tropolitan a r eas h av e governmental arrangements which
would permit th e dev e lopment and implementa tion o f a me t r opol itanwid e int eg ration strategy.
Ev en fewer are popul ated by a
significant numb e r of s ubu rban ites who have demonstrated a po s itive
interest in an integrat e d metropo l i s .
In s t ead, most metropol i t an
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areas are governed by highly decentralized political systems.
Local governments of small scale control the vital parameters
of community life - the schools, land use, and the tax base.
Highly responsive to their relatively homogenous clientele
and sensitive to threats to local autonomy or the tax base,
most suburban governments show little interest in assuming any .
responsibility for the general welfare problems of the metropolis.
Efforts to create metropolitan governments have been
spectacularly unsuccessful.
Moreover, political realities and
the procliviti es of white middle class reformers have led almost
all me tropolitan governme nt plans to focus on service and physical
resource problems.
The Task Force knows of no metro proposal
that gives s e rious attention to the problems of th e ghetto.
Nor is there any evidence that the few metropolitan governments
creat ed in the past two decades have used their broad e r jurisdiction s to attempt to foster th e integration of th e metropolis.
Federal efforts to encourage metropolitan planning and
coordination also have avoid e d the policy ar eas most like ly to
affect the pattern of residential segr ega tion.
Substantial
progress ha s b een ma d e during th e past few years tow ar d securing
regional approach es to transportation, air pollution, and
water s upply .
Con sp icuously absent fro m this
list are
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p r o grams that mi ght b e u sed to promote integration, s uch as
publi c hou si n g, re nt s u p pl eme nt s, a nd a id to e duc a tion.
Th e
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sad truth is that the emerging metropolitan institutions are
concerned almost ~xclusively with the problems of suburban
development -and white middle class families in cities and suburbs.
Unless there is a radical change in the outlook of these planning
and review agencies, they are likely to widen the gap between
city and suburb.
Finally, open housing legislation has had minimal impact
on integration in the metropolis.
In the absence of nation al
legislation, there is a bewildering variety of state and local
fair housing codes .
These nearly always exempt the most common
form of suburban housing - the single fimily dwelling.
Another
major weakness is the cumb e rsome, case by case approach based on
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individual complaints, a proc ess which requires l ega l sophistication
and/or support which usually
dweller.
is unavailable for the ghetto
The federal government 's r e cord in this area is also
unimpr essive - neither FHA nor VA have move d aggressively to
secure maximum impact from the 1962 executive orde r banning
discrimin ation in hou s ing financed by federally guaranteed
mortg ages.
Rec ommendations
1)
National performance standards (s ee Section IV) should
stress int ~g rationas an int eg ral aspect of general developm en t
programs.
2)
Inc entiv e gr ant s ( see Se ction IV) should be u se d to
to encourage genera l d eve lopment p rograms for e ntire
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metropolitan areas which would tie federal support for suburban
improvements to ~rogress toward ending the racial and income
imbalances between cities and suburbs.
3)
Some form of incentive grants, particularly for
metropolitan areas, should be tied specifically to housing and
education programs which foster integration, such as scattered
site public housing, educational parks, etc.
4)
Section 204 of the Demonstration Cities and Metropolitan
Development Act should be expanded . to cover programs that affect
housing.
5)
All federal hou si ng pro g r ams should place a strong
emphasis on disp er sion, including the relocation policies in
urban renewa l.
Federal mortgage policies should be developed
to e ncourag e the construction of lower cost housing units
through relating down payments, interest rates, and the repayment
periods to the cost of the unit.
Such a policy should includ e the
use of subsidi ze d ~ortgages where appropriate.
6)
A compr e hensiv e national fair hou s in g act with the
broad es t possibl e coverage should be e nacted.
An exe cutive
ord e r should b e is s ued prohibiting se g re ga tion in all forms o f
ho~ sing assisted dir ec tly or indir ec tly by a ny federal agency.
The order should b e positiv e ly enforced, using th e techniques
d e v e lop e d in the federa l government 's efforts to e liminat e job
dis c rimin a tion in al l
form s o f f e d e r a lly financ e d employm e nt.
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7)
The federal governme nt should stimulate the creation
of and provide fi~ancing for metropolitan development corporations which would undertake to provide integiated low-cost
housing outside of ghettos.
The federal government would pro-
vide initial working capital and extend long term credit from
a national revolving fund.
Such corporations would accumulate
land for integrated housing, provide assistance in job location
for out-migrants, and aid suburbs in preparing effective
education programs for new resid e nts.
8)
Because job opportunities are likely to open up faster
than hou s in g opportunities, we recomm e nd a pro g ram of transportation assist a nc e with the following ch a racteristics.
a)
Re sponsiv e to ch a n g in g loc a tions o f both jobs
and work e rs.
b)
Focused on initial p e riod o f "job findin g " and
"job holding."
c)
Tr a nsfer a bl e from on e individual to anoth e r
d e p e ndin g on n ee d .
d)
Non-co mp e titiv e with the private ma rk e t .
Wh e r e such tr a v e l is r e lativ e ly concentrat e d, this d emand can
be me t th r ou g h sub s idi ze d public transport a tion .
For mo r e
disp e rs ed tr a v e l from gh e tto r e sid e nc e s to suburb a n job s,
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sho r t term pub licl y - ass i s t e d a utomobil e l ea sing ar r a n gem e n t s
will be ne e ded .
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9)
The Administration should realize that the greatest
potential fever for change in this area is the courts.
The Task Force urges the Administration to hasten the
inevitable Supreme Court rulings which will ban de facto school
. segregation and the employment of land use controls for social,
economic and racial discrimi~ation.
Given the revolutionary
impact of these anticipated rulings, it is not too early to
begin contingency planning to assure their speedy implementation
with a minimum of public disorder.
�II.
Federal action to strengthen city
for meeting the problem of urban disparities
Problem
Implementing the strategies for urban chan$e discussed in
this report depends ultimately upon actions taken by state and
local governments.
We assert that strengthening the positions
of governors and especially mayors will be of critical ·importance
in this process.
Their ability to deliver services is seriously
limited by administrative weakness and fiscal strain.
Yet they
are the only public officials with the potential authority
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necessary to effectively manage the large-scale attack on
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urban problems which we believe is essential.
They too - and
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our population projections indicate that this is certainly true
of mayors - will be under increasing pressures to respond to
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the fre_quent, now almost steady state, urban crisis of :11;· J :~verty
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an d segregation.
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The administrative problem breaks along the follo wi ng lines :
- Fragmentation of program responsibility among semiautonomous .agencies, often -reinforced by their counterpart s at
the federal leve l, bypasses and weakens the position of mayors
and gove rn ors.
- State and l oca l officials are under di rect and close
pressures to deliver and their high political mortality rates
indicate that delivery is enormously difficult in the present
system.
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- State and local government is in a disadvantageous
competitive position for directing talented, imaginative staffs .
The political executives management problems are compounded by
the lack of personal staff; there are few institutions analagous
to the executive office at the state and local level.
- Possibi l ities for a meaningful decentralization to
federal field offices are severely limited by the realities
of political authority in the federal system and by present
congressional-bureaucratic arrangements in Washington.
- Local officials must conduct an enormous numbe r of
negotiations with truncated federal agencies to receive any aid.
At the same time the cost of urban services is on the rise ..
We can expect increasing per capita costs for social services
and we ·can expect an increasing proportion of ci t y dwe l ler s
to require them.
The cities thus are caught in a process of
cumulative deterioration whic h can be r eve r sed on l y by s hif ts
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i n t he r esi dence o f poo r people or h i ghe r i ncome by city
r es i dent s.
The pr ob l em i s par ti cu l a rly a cu t e f or l arge cities.
During fi s cal year 19 65 , f or exampl e » muni c ipal expenditures
per capita were appr oximately three times as hi gh for cities
with populations exceeding 1 million as they were for communities
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with populations under 50,00 0 .
In short, we see the following
as critical limits on cities t o pay their own bills:
- Cities are under increasing demands for social services
while their revenue capabilities are increasingly inadequate
to pay for even existing levels of serviceso
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Social service costs are rising more rapidly than
costs in the economy.
- Some cities are already in danger of becoming
almost exclusively by peop l e who can simply not a ff ord to live
elsewhere and whose need f or services is very great.
- Problems of ra i sing additional revenue within juri sdictions such as cities are i mmense, due in part to the high
mobi l ity of resources between stat es and local it i es i n the
federal systems.
Cities are forced to rely heav ily on property
and consumption taxes, both of which are highly re gressive in
nature.
- The dependence on property· taxation on hous ing f or c i ty
revenue s may be a positive de t riment t o providing mo r e standard
unit s £ or the urban poo r.
Re commendati on s
1)
Re gard les s o f pas t fai lures t he popu l a t i on pro je c tions
and trends we fore s ee clear l y ind i c ate t hat most mayo rs and
ma ny urban governors, o f n ecessity, will be increasing ly
resp on sive t o the problems o f ci ty ghetto s.
Th ey can be the
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Pr es i den t's mos t i mp ort ant al l ies i n fulfilling our nat i onal
urban go al s.
They mu s t be the f ocu s o f any mean i ng f u l
decen t rali zat i on of the f ederal s y stem .
2)
In add i t i on to the fi scal flex i b i lity and d e cent ralizati on
recommended below, we u r_ge that presen t aid programs operate
through the political executive and not semi -autonomous bureaucracies.
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3)
To build toward a capability similar to that of the
federal executive office, w~. recommend direct gr-ants to mayors
and governors for staff assistants o~ city problems.
4) _ To increase the competence of state and local govern-
ment personnel we recommend increased federal assistance for
training and continued efforts in the direction of inter-governmental
exchanges of personnel.
5)
Legislation should be promoted permittirig state and
local governments · to waiv·e . federal tax resumption of securities
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in return for a federal grant equivalent to the federal taxes
collected on the . interest from such securities.
Some estimates
indicate that this could result in an added .6 to 1 billion
dollars per year.
6) ·
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Federal assistance to cities should be significantly
increased; and the existing impediments to the effective use
of federal aid at the local level should be eliminated.
The
components of this recommendation are presented in detail' in
.Parts 111, ·1v, .-and V .- below.
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�DRAFT:LEONE:6/19/67
III.
Focusing and increasing the level of Federal
assistance to cities
The Problem
1.
Many of our present programs fail to reach
the central city poor with enough resources to make a
difference.
2.
Simple extension of present programs - leaving
effectiveness aside - to reach the central city poor would
cost in manpower, education, health, housing and legal
services ____ billion dollars a year.
3.
Unless we reach a scale of sufficient size we
will find as we have found in the past our efforts are
dis~ipated by trying to reach too many people, in too
many cities, with too many programs.
4.
Policy responsibility at the Federal level
must be focused in strengthened urban agencies.
Recommendations
The following programs are meant to focus resources
on increasing urban integration and enriching the lives
of those who remain in big city ghettos.
In each program
area, we have attempted to order our recommendations in
terms of some rough priorities and time phases with
employment having the highest overall priority .
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Our expertise in the following program areas is
limited.
We have listed only recommendations which
seem to us to be most relevant to an overall city
strategy.
Our suggestions are in no sense exhaustive.
We hope to:
Overhaul existing programs and redirect
existing resource commitments to
increase their impact on the ghetto.
Increase commitments in the most critical
program areas for implementing broad goals.
Develop new approaches to tackle those
aspects of ghetto enrichment and dispersion
not affected by existing programs.
Tie Federal assistance to disadvantaged
individuals where appriate.
1.
Employment
A.
The Task Force recommends the consolidation
of presently separated manpower programs into a single
comprehensive manpower grant.
This move would allow
development of sufficient local manpower programs under the
aegis of a single agency which would absorb the important
functions of recruitment, selection, and processing,
training, placem ent and follo w-up of the poor .
This st e p
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would include consoli dati on of those programs administered
by the U. S. Department of Labor including institutional
training, on-the-job training, neighborhood youth corps,
concentrated employment program in the employment service
with the Vocational Rehabilitation and OEO employment
operations.
B.
In the absence of si gnificant
consolidation programs, the Task Force recommends an
expansion and refocusing of the on-the-job training
program to provide higher subsidies to private industry
for training of the poor.
Reimbursement for tr aining
costs should be doubled and perhaps quadrupl ed and the
26 weeks presently allowed should be expanded to a full
year.
OJT should b e provide d with a greater staff for
job developmen t and for counselin g and follow-up after
placement in a job training position.
C.
In order to compensate for the declin e
of manufacturing and commercia l jobs in the city, the
Task Force r e commends an expansion in public employment
throu gh the n ew car eers idea as emb odi e d in the Scheuer
Ame ndment to the Economic Opportunity Act.
New careers
provides entry level employment for the poor with
meaningful upgrading in work and profes~ional training.
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D.
The Task Force recommends an increased
number of demonstration projects - of all types to test the important relationship between deficient
transportation to work sites and the willingness and
ability of city residents to accept training and employment.
E.
The Task Force recommends a joint effort
by HUD and the Department of Labor to negotiate a nation a l
mod e l ag r e ement for employme n t with th e build i n g tr a de
unions, which would permit lar ge -scale slum rebuilding
e xperiments to make gre a ter use of slum resid ents.
We
r e co gn ize th a t th e i mpl ement ati on of this r e comme nda tion
would not solve any signific ant proportion of the
employment problem but it would h ave useful symbolic
v a lu e i n the ghe tto s of ce ntr a l c ities.
The De p a rtm ent
of Commerce should be involv e d to reach similar agreemen t s
wi th employe r s in the c onst r uction industry.
F.
As a l on g-run possib i l i t y, we su ggest a
p r o gram whic h wou ld operate much like th e GI Bi ll of Rights
wh i ch would pl a ce e ntitl ements i n t h e ha nds of th e p oor t o
maximi xe persona l ch o i ce in selecting edu cational, t rainin g
and employment assistance.
Th e funds could be u sed by the
· ind i v i du a l to gain c ert ification in regul a r educat ion a l
institutions o r f or training on the j ob with the employer
receiving reimbu rsement f or hi s trai ning c os ts.
The great
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advant~ge of this approach is in avoidi~g the seemi~gly
endless tangle of referrals, delays, and insensitivity
encountered in the present, fragmented system.
2.
Education
A.
Any program of Federal aid for elementary
and secondary school construction should offer in_c entives
for facilities designed to increase the integration of
students.
"Bonus" funds could be available for
educational parks within cities, suburban exchange schools
and for consolidated school districts.
Funds should also
be included for the modernization and replacement of older
school plants in central cities.
B.
We recommend a program of educational
subsidies for low-income children which would be
administered as scholarships for use at any approved
elementary and secondary educational institution.
"Bonus" funds could be available for schools which are
integrated or are experimental.
C.
3.
Sizer recommendations (see paper)
Special recommendations for urban veterans
A.
We give the strongest endorsement to
Department of Defense Manpower programs, such as
. "Proj e ct 100,000" and "Project Transition" .
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B.
We recommend a stepped-up outreach
activities in the Veterans Administration to trace
those with the greatest need for assistance at the
point of separation and especially after separation.
C.
We urge FHA and VA loans to servicemen
and veterans to finance proposed or existing individually
owned on e -family units in pr~ects containing five or
more units.
D.
We recommend that VA be given a special
mandate and the capacity to assist ghetto v e terans in
obtainin g such urban skills as planning, social service
work and community developm e nts.
4.
Incom e mainten a nce and we lf a re
A.
Any well conceived strategy for the city
requires substantial increases in consumer demand.
City dwe llers ne e d a sustain e d and substantial upward
movement in payme nt lev e ls for
(1)
unemployment compensation
(2)
we lf a re p ayme nts
(3)
minimum wa ge
B.
The present welf a re syst e m must be
alt ere d t o make i t a mo re e ffe ctive instrume nt in de ali n g
with gh ett o depe nd e nc e .
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(1)
Altering AFDC man in the house
requirements to permit
(2)
Altering outside income requirements
to eliminate the in-effect 100%
income tax rate and thus encourage
C.
We should move towards having a l~rger
proportion and perhaps all welfare payments at the
Federal level.
Continued reliance on localities and
states for a share places an added strain on their
frequently regressive tax systems and inhibts the
development of more r e asonable national standards for
welfare.
S.
Public Facilities
A.
We urge greater use of the location of
public facilities - both Federal and Fede rally support e d as a lev e r in s e curin g a ctu a l int eg ration, op e n housin g
and employment opportunities.
Those facilities which can
be located in cities, especially community colleges and
hospitals, should b e consid e r e d a part of overall
dev e lopm e nt and city enrichme nt pl a ns .
Public employ me nt
for low-income groups should be related to any n e w
facilit y - includin g those in th e suburbs .
This n ew f ocus
o f re spo ns ibili ty s h oul d b e come a ma jo r conc ern d f t he
Se c re t aries o f HEW an d HUD .
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B.
The Department of Housing and Urban
Development should be given a primary role in
coordinating all Federal urban capital investment as
part of national integration and enrichment strategies:
6.
Housing
A.
To achieve integration there must be
continued emphasis on compliance with desegregation
guidelines in housing financed through the Federal
mortgage programs.
This is especially important in
suburban developments which will account for 90% of the
new housing ov e r the next 25 years.
The flow of resources into financing
housing is affected by interest rates, alternative
investment opportunities, and oth e r forces, some of which
are greatly influenced by Feder a l policy.
B.
Lower interest rates to stimulate a ~inimum
annu a l construction rate in housin g should be a national
objective.
Th e eff e cts of low interest rates on the
supply of low- and moderate-housing "swamps" the effects
of Federal "housing progr ams" as such .
C.
Investme nt inc e ntiv es such as t a x credits
and d e pr e ci a tion sch e dul es should b e a p pli e d t o hou s in g
in th e s ame way th a t th e y a r e a pp li e d to oth er c a pit a l
goo d s.
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Every mechanism for maintaining a constant flow of
investment into housing should be explored by the
Administration.
These might include the issuance of
longer term certificates at higher interest rates to
attract the investing power of pension funds and
insurance companies.
Certificates-should be issued
by the Federal National Mortgage Association.
D~
The Task Force recommends expanded use of
devices such as leased,scattered site public housing
rehabilitated through use of the "turnkey" approach with
purchase options for the tenants.
E.
Homeownership incentives for central city
ghetto resid ents simil ar to the Veterans' Administration's
no-down payment programs should be offer ed .
F.
The Task-Force recommends that the multi-
family mort gage operations be separated ;·from the present
Federal Housing Administration which would then b e
charged with insuring only single-family mortgages.
In the absence of such surgery, we believ e th a t the age
and inflexibility of most FHA officials renders any
alternative recommendation unworkable.
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7.
Special Recommenda tions on the Community Action Program_
a)
The Task Forc e believes the community action idea
is a major innovation in Federal programming and reflects
the emphasis on demonstration and experimentation which
is critical for increasing our problem-solving capacity.
The Community Action Program should be retained within
an independent OEO with its charter for flexible and
innovative programs.
b)
A first step toward employing performance criteria
in distributing scarce CAP funds should be taken.
These crit e ria should include the CAP's innovative
capacity, its ability to coordin a te other relevant agencies
and to op e rate its own programs.
c)
Demonstration funds should be incre a sed accomp anied
by ti ghter research controls applied to projects.
d)
Guid e lines to insur e CAP participation in Mod e l Cities
plannin g and execution should be promulgat e d.
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Th e dev e lopment of commun i ty action agencies as parts
of th e local politic a l and gove rnm ent a l s y st em should be
encour age d .
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IV.
Reforming the administration of federal urban programs to
provide simplification, flexibility and decentralization
The Problem
The American federal system is being slowly strangled by
the complexity of contemporary intergovernmental relations.
Cities and states are fighting a losing battle to extract ·
maximum advantage from a bewildering variety of federal assistance
programs.
Administrative shortcomings seriously compromise the
prospects of many of the imaginative federal programs developed
in recent years.
The Task Force has grave doubts about the
capacity of this over-burd ened system to manage the new efforts
needed to move th e ghetto resident into the mainstream of
American society.
By accident rath er than design, th e federal governmen t has
created an extremely categorical, fragm ented, and complic ate d
approach to urb an programming.
Each program area t ends to
develop its own set of sp ec ific program goals and controls, a
clos e r e lationship wi th a specialized clientei"e, and a narro w
perspectiv e on th e problems of cities and suburbs.
Because the
feder a l government seeks to achieve general policy objectiv es
through highly detai led pro gram controls, most federal programs
are characterized by an ov ercen tr aliza tion of detai l , administrative rigidity, long delays in processing applications, a multiplication of required cons ents , a failure to inno vate , and a
lack of responsiv e ness to speciali zed loc a l ne ed s.
Cities
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confront delay and confusion in the funding of their programs;
they witness an inability of federal agencies to work with
one another in making sense of federal programs in urban areas.
The burdens of an already overloaded system of intergoverrimental relations have been multiplied by the rapid expansion of
federal domestic prqgrams during the past seven years.
Most of
the new programs are categorical and involve detailed federal
program controls.
In an effort to advance laudable national
policy goals, such as metropolitan coordination and highway
safety, additional detailed requirements have been imposed on
existing programs.
The net effect has been to complicate further
the bureaucratic maze that stands between federal resources and
.urban problems.
The Task Force is especially concerned about the failure
of the federal government to build sufficient flexibility and
opportunities for state and local discretion and innovation into
the federal aid system.
Many of the problems of large city
ghettos are quantitativ e ly and qualitatively different from
those of the poorer neighborhoods of smaller cities .
Solutions
to many of our most vexing urban problems are neither obvious
nor universally applicable.
Yet relatively few fed e ral progr ams
permit the d eve lopmen t of locally-determined str ateg ies for
cities and metropolitan areas.
In its str ess on local innovation and flexibility, the
Model Citi es Program represents a welcome departure from the
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rigid programmatic approach.
By emphasizing systematic planning
and coordination of federal categorical grant programs, Model
Cities seeks to reduce overlap and dupl{cation of effort.
But
constituent-agency relations, formula grants, inflexible requirements, and specialized administrative practices tax the
ability of any city to tie these many disparate strands into
an effective program.
In addition, Model Cities program standards
are added to those required by the component programs without
any compensating simplication of the process whereby a~plications
for assistance are approved.
Innovation, flexibility, and
coordination are easily stymied by a process whose practical
effect is to pyr am id requirements, multiply consents, and
increase the time lag in bringing r e sources to bear against
problems.
The Task Force is impressed with neither the record nor the
potential of existing instruments for securing interagency
coordination of grant programs, such as Bureau of the Budget
intervention to resolve interagency conflict, interagency
committ ee s, the me tropolitan expediter, and HUD's convenor
order.
Th e Administration's experience with the community
action program and the neighborhood centers unhappily indic ates
that substantial coordination cannot b e achi eved at th e federal
level withou t substantial ch anges in the grant-in-aid me chanism .
The massive effort need ed to overcome the problems pos ed
by the ghetto will be financed l argely by some form of federal
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grant-in~aid.
To the degree that such grants are programmatic,
the Task Force is convinced that it is absolutely essential to
streamline and simplify the distributivi mechanisms.
Instead
of extending and expanding categorical aids, the Administration
should stress consolidation, decentralization, and flexibility.
In the opinion of the Task Force, however, fragmentation,
administrative complexity and rigidity, overcentralization of
de tail, inadequate coordination, and lack of innovation are
endemic to the programmatic approach.
Even the most imaginative
reforms are likely to have only a marginal impact if grant
programs continue to multiply at th e ir present rate.
Of course,
this growth rate would be accelerated if all the Task Force's
recommenda tions were transl ated into ind ividual grant programs.
An increased fed er al commitment to urban problems and a
national effort focused on ghetto def iciencies requires a
substanti al reorientation o f roles and responsibilities in th e
federal system.
The Admini s tration b egan this task with th e
development of th e Poverty and Mode l Citi es progr ams .
The Task
Force believes th e time has come to expand the application of
these conc ep ts through th e developme nt of a highly fl ex ibl e ,
loc~lly - based s yst em of grants-in - aid which substitutes general
purpos e assistance for progr amma tic gr ant s and n a tiona l p er formance standards for detailed program c ont ro l s.
It should a l s o b e not e d that the r ec ommend a tions h av e b een
design e d to p e rmit th e partial applic a tion of th e s e concepts.
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Thus, the implementation of these proposals may be staged over
time, with the most promising program areas selected for initial
treatment.
It also will be possible to retain _federal program
standards in those areas where such controls are deemed in the
national interest.
Recommendations
1)
Application, processing, and revi ew procedures should
be streamlined in all non-formula grant-in-aid programs.
The
goals of internal program reform should be: (a) to simplify
application procedures through the development of standardized
methods; (b) to r e duce sh~rply the time between application and
approval or rejection of a grant request; (c) to reduce multiple
cons ents; (d) to check the trend toward pyramiding requireme nts;
and ( e ) to employ standardized revi ew and audit procedures .
Responsibility for the implementation of this recommendation
should be lodg e d in th e Bureau of th e Budget.
2)
Gr ea ter u se s hould be made o f earmarking of grants to
facilitate the fundin g of programs lik e Mode l Cities and
community action which cut across pro gram and agency lines .
This dev ice should be u sed to enh ance the focu sing of fed e ral
res ou rces on ghetto problems.
3)
Whenever possible, new grant programs should b e merg e d
with exist ing programs .
Con so lidation of r e lat ed grant pro grams,
along the lin es of the Partnership in Health Act of 1966 , s hould
be giv en high priority.
Gr ant consolida tion reduc es the numb er
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of separate negotiations which any jurisdiction would have to
carry on in order to design relatively comprehensive local programs.
4)
Provision should be made for consolidated
applications
for two or more related grants administered within a single
department.
Such intra-agency grants would permit a state or
local agency to deal with a single representative of the
appropriate department wh en applyin g for r e lated gr ants.
Impl ement a t io n o f this r e comme nd a t ion r e qui res the e s tabli s hmen t
of an intra-agency grant office within each department, prefe r a bly
in the off ic e of the s e cret ary.
The intra-agency gr ant off i ce
woul d r e c eiv e and p roc ess the a ppli cati on for an i n tr a-age n cy
grant, coordinate th e revi ew of the application with th e
appropri a t e ag enci e s within th e d e p a rtmen t to insu re th a t
pro gram s t and a r ds we r e be ing me t, and a ct as the f ina l gr a n t in g
authority, subj e ct to appropri a te r ev i ew at the d ep a rtm e nt a l
leve l .
5)
Pr ov i sions s h ould b e made f o r c on so li dated app l ications
for two or mor e related grants administered by agencies in two
or mo re de p a rtments.
Such in ter- a ge n c y grants woul d p ermi t a
state or local agency ~o deal wit h a sing l e federal agency when t he
federal grants needed to finance a compreh ensive project are
adminis t ered by t wo or more depa rtm en ts.
Imp l emen t ation o f
this recommendation requires the d es ignation o f an agency to
rec eive application s for inter-ag ency grants, to coor din ate th e
review of the application with the appropriate agencies to insure
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If
7
that program standards are being met, and to act as the final
granting authority, subject to appeal by the appropriate
departmental heads.
The Task Force believes that the inter-
agency grant coordinating function should be assigned to the
same agency which is designated as the principal federal urban
agency, as recommended in Part III above.
Legislation to
implement this recommendation would not authorize the waiver
of statutory provisions such as eligibility for -grants, matching
ratios, or program duration.
6)
Performance standards should be substituted for detailed
program standards wherever feasible.
Standards should be simple,
general, quantifiable where possible, and applicable to a wide
variety of contexts.
Performance standards should relate to
general societal goals rather than to specific program objectives.
Thus, a housing performance standard might be the proportion of
substandard dwelling units, not the number of public housing
units.
National performance standards should focus on the
urban goals of integration and enrichment.
7)
The substitution of performance standards for program
controls should be accompanied by the pooling of funds in existing
grant programs.
An essential first step in pooling is the
establishment of functional pooling arrangements which permit
L
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the unrestricted use of funds in a general functional area, such
as housing, manpower training, health, or transportation.
In
housing, for example,public housing, urban renewal, and rent
supplement funds would be pooled, to be employed by the
appropriate local or state agency to implement a comprehensive
housing program.
All programmatic restrictions would be removed.
from the use of pooled funds; thus, funds derived from the
public housing program might be used to finance .rent supplements,
rehabilitation, code enforcement, or some other locally devised
strategy designed to overcome housing deficiencies.
8)
Where federal funds are functionally pooled, the basic
requirement for eligibility should be a comprehensive program 1n
the functional area which relates local deficiencies and needs to
the ~ppropriate national performance standards.
Comprehensive
housing, manpower, health, or transportation programs should be
developed by the appropriate local or state agency.
Comprehensive
programs would specify local deficiencies in terms of national
standards, set forth program goals to meet the national standards,
and indicate in a general way the projects to be undertaken to
reach the program goals during the life of the comprehensive
program.
When all funds functionally pooled are from programs
within a single agency or departm ent, th a t agency or departm e nt
should approve the comprehensiv e program and monitor its impl e mentation .
When functional l y pooled funds are drawn from two
or more departm ents, the principal federal urban agency recommended
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9
in Part III should approve the comprehensive program and monitor
its implementation.
9)
Provision should also be made for the pooling of federal
funds across functional lines.
Unde r this type of arrangement, some
or all of the federal aid flowing into a neighborhood, municipality,
county, metropolitan area, or state would be pooled, with all
programmati c restrictions removed from the use of the pool ed
funds.
Eligibility for general pooling should be based on the
preparation by the appropriate local or state unit of a general
development program based on national performance standards.
General development programs would be similar to the comprehensive functional programs discussed in the previous recommenda tion, except that their scope would be substantially bro ader .
General dev e lopment programs would b e approved by the principal
federal urban agency recommended in Part III, which would also
monitor the implementation of the general development program.
10)
To facilitate the preparation of compr e hensive functional
programs and general development pro grams, federal technical
assistance and pl a nning aid should be expanded.
In the case o f
compr ehens iv e function a l progr ams involving two or more a ge nci es ,
and in all instances of general development program prep a ration,
technic a l assist an c e and planning aid should be funn e l e d throu gh
th e p r incip a l fe de r a l urb an age ncy a s r e commend e d in Pa rt III.
As a first step toward implemen tin g t he previou s recomme nd a tions,
t he federa l governmen t s houl d f ina nce the prepar a t io n of a
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10
number of comprehensive functional programs and general development programs by a variety of local and state units.
11)
The federal government should initiate a program of
. general purpose assistance to local and state governments.
We
recommend that two types of general purpose grants be developed
deficiency grants and incentive grants.
a)
Deficiency grants are general purpose formula
grants designed to provide supplemental federal assistance
for local units, the ma gnitud e of which would be related
to need and capability.
An equalization formula to
accomplish this purpose would be based on population, per
capita incom e , tax bas e , tax effort, and perhaps other
measur e s of social, economic, and infr as tructure d ef iciencies.
Defici en cy grants could be used by the r e cipi e nt local or
state unit for any public purpose consistent with a general
developm ent program.
Eligibility for deficiency grants
would be det e rmin e d by the princip a l f ede ral agency recommended
in Part III through its approval of a general development
progr am.
Given th e magnitud e of th e gh e tto probl em , th e
Task Force r e comme nds an initial outlay of$
for defici ency grants, which would provide$
billion
per gh et to
dwell er.
b)
Inc en tiv e grants are gen e ral purpose grants
distributed by the principal federal agency recommended in
Part III.
Incenti ve grants could be used to suppl eme nt pool ed
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11
funds ·or interagency grants.
The availability of general
purpose agency grants should enhance the ability of the
principal federal agency to promote inter-agency grants,
pooling arrangements, and comprehensive functional and
. general development programs.
A significant proportion
of incentive grants should be used to stimulate the prepara- ·
tion and implementation of general development programs which
give high priority to ghetto problems, especially integration.
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I
V.
Increasing knowledge of solutions to urban problems
The Problem
The Task Force believes that if this society were
ready to commit the resources required for its cities,
new technologies and knowledge could make our efforts
more effective and relevant than is presently possible.
We emphasize the advantages of the Federal government
as a funder, controller and evaluater of demonstrations
and experiments - an advantage which is readily apparent
in the aerospace industry.
This advantage is presently
being dissipated by fragmentation of problems by agency
mission, lack of long-term financing of experimentation
and basence of sensitive feedback mechanisms to influence
policy-making.
In addition, the efficiency of our
efforts to solve urban problems may be limited by . the
small scale of our programs and even demonstrations.
Recommendations
1.
The flexibility and emphasis on innovation
characteristic of the Model Cities Program should be
exploited by conc e ntrating resources - as far as possible on 4 or 5 cities and/or metropolitan areas capable of
implementing we ll-structured and cont r olled experiments.
To achieve this wo uld require at least the following:
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2
-- Assignment of responsibility for the design
and evaluation of the experiments to the new Assistant
Secretary for Research and Development in DHUD.
-- Informal allocation of resources from a ge ncies
other than HUD, (for example, project demonstration
monies in HEW and Labor) for use in the selected cities.
-- An aggressive Federal role in providing
technical assistance to thes e. "key" cities'.
2.
The creation and fundin g of an institute for
basic urb an r e search, along the lines of RAND or IDA in
th e de fense area.
The institute should be Federally
funded, independent of day-to-day departmental control
and able to und e rt a ke long-term research projects.
· Initially, the institute would not undertake operation
or fundin g of action projects, but would concentrate on
basic rese a rch into urban economics, data collection and
analysis, etc.
3.
A stren gthen e d and be t t e r-financed demonstration
and exp e ri me nta t ion rol e for DHUD and its Assist a nt
Secr e tary for Re se a rch and Deve lopment .
This should
includ e th e abilit y to fin anc e long-t e rm proj e cts
ind ep enden t of f isc a l year r es trictio n s and deve lo pmen t
an d a c ti on p ro j ec t s in fi e lds other than h ousi ng.
A h i gh
premium should be p l aced on j oint funding with o ther
agencies for projects cutting across several service
sectors.
-
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L.
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4.
The evolution of a developmental orgariization
which can undertake large-scale investments in new
systems, such as new housing ideas.
This institution
might be developed by the Assistant Secretary for Research
and Development in DHUD.
It should have the funds,
flexibility and authority to underwrite construction of
new types of schools or hospitals or houses on a scale
large enough to make a difference.
This agency also
could expend the developmental work done by OEO in basic
manpower and health iystems, or combine them with the
physical elements of a sector.
The first target of
large-scale development should be constructing more
efficient and flexible low-and moderate-income housing.
5.
The capacity of local and state governments to
undertake research and development should be increased
with the aid of positive Fed era l action.
Subsidies to
regional or urban universities are one means of achieving
this; financing of research staffs for governors and
mayors is another.
Federal programs, such as Model Cities
and Community Action, which stimulate innovative and
experimental action projects should be expanded as the
best hope ' for building local development capacity.
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6.
We believe the natural advantage enjoyed by
the Federal government for financing and evaluating
research and development should be strengthened in
all departments.
Within department, R&D otitputs
should feedback to the Secretary to insure that R&D
projects affect on-going programs and policies and open
new directions.
Responsibility for monitoring government ~
wide urban R&D activity should be centralized either in
the Executive Office or in HUD.
Without centralizat i on,
th e r e sults of r e sear ch in one a ge ncy are not like ly to
become inputs in the policy-making of another.
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Text
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Any textual data included in the document
L
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.
Letter of Transmittal
2.
Introduction
3.
Problem Statement
4.
Strategy for Meeting Problem
I.
(?)
Increasing our knowledge of
solutions to _urban problems
II.
Federal action to strengthen state
and local ability for meeting the
problem
III.
oi urban disparities
Focusing and increasing the level
of Federal. assistance directed at
urban disparities
IV.
Reforming the administration of
Federal urban pr?grams to provide
simplification fl e xibility and
decentralization
V.
Increasing the prospects for
integration in metropolitan areas
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lhe:c e are no urb2.n solu ticns of ar...y va li2:.ty ,.~hicj:. c:i ~--..8t
'-- ---~'--------
deal d ~rec t ly w:th the que s tio~s pcsed by this se~re~ at ion.
7he racts are th2s e :
of th es e Negroes h ave i::·,,::.:::_~e:s
c 2~t ~~ 1 ci~ies is ~eg~o , and
o:: E.::1.2 liorE.tive pub l i c prog ra::is, th e prop ortion. of Negroes ·- -· _. __--.t::..-a l
city ~C)Llat ion wi ll rise to - - ---
, ,·,i t h
a _ _ _ _ _ percentag~
By 19'i8, be ::·__ pro :Jo:::-t i o;:1s will be
3y 1~33 our c e~trel city popula ti on wil:
j e
The se a re ? er c enta2;e s-o f the total po~ulatio~ of ail
By 1973
\_; •,:. .:.L.._
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le ast ten of our ma jor citi es wil l be ?re~c~ 143.215.248.55 16:58, 29 December 2017 (EST)t!y
Xeg ro ; by 1983 , at l east t w2nty, inc l uding Chi c ago , Philad el143.215.248.55 16:58, 29 December 2017 (EST)
Clevc.~3:1.c, Detroit and Eel t i more .
s~~c e A=er 1can ~ i nori t y g r ou~s t r a ~itio~ally have sough t and won
I~ s c:-:".e cases their asc.er,_dency was
~ur ~2~o rt discuss e s this se g r2 sa tio~ as it affects Nesroes.
=ri_ -:·.2ny ci l.:i~s, of co:.: :::- s2, ·:.-:-2 c~-: .::. ~2.:: 2::.:-:- i :--:; to a p::.--01.) l c::-:1 \·~~-..ic~-:
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e:--: peri2llce b.as bee::i a hea ltl1y 011e for ou:r- pluralis ;i :ic politic 2 l
·sys :: e:-;: .
G.ispers:ion
~e groes .
We therefore ~esr
ttEt
th e
____
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2~1ci
CGETI 72 S
.! ::,
-
in c 1~v li~e a~d ~c ~i tical
pr ob&~i lity of this con f rontEtio~ is but we are c ertain that it is h i g~
2nou3h to b e a cause for concern.
Its pe;tential d an3 e rs li e· in t :,e follcw ing:
1.
The growin3 d is affection nnJ aliena tion o f Negro ghetto
r2.s ic 2nt s 2.nd incre as ing ..ii li tancy ,,nich r esLl ts, to gether with
i~crea sing viol ence in citi es .
2,
The still po:-1e rful fo:::- c e o f ot::t - rnigration by whit e :r,ic:c:..c-
fro:.:i
4.
city.
The in~b ility o~ raoderate ?O litica l l ea~ership t o respo~c
t o th e pressu~es o f larg e r a~d l a rger poor populations .
�__
- - -- -i- - - - ---·------ - - - -----_,,__ _____________ ____ -- -----·-
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!
3
Of t:.e ~ eg:r:oes ,-1ho live
ci~ies not only because it i s ~or&ily ri ght and not only because of
Th e c. e:-::.::..:-_-.:s o:E
uh ict-. u lt :;_ ,,i.s.te ly 1:-1i ll t est seve::.-ely t he_ v alu2s o f Ar:-.er_ic.sn s oe: i c.'.::y .
Integra tion> 1r it does notiing else, ~ay help to r educ e : 2nsions .
- ·-
l&rger integr a tion w~ich
-:.:.:st cc::ie i n. the futu:c2 .
~oce~s t e ll u s t ~a t s i ~ply h o l d~n~ the s i ze of c e n:~nl citv ~~e t:os
6JO,O0O ~egroes a year i ~to predcmi~an: l y ,~i~e su~urb s.
Ct..:.t --- ~~ g r- c.t i C:l .,
Cur c r~2e cost c a~c~lctio~s fo~ prov id i ng ev e~
rc1i2ir:-_;_.:_m .scce:_:,tabl e level
or
2
soci&l se:..-v ic s s 1n all centr-21 city g'.ic::t to s
i ·c.dica te f e deral expenditure:: ?at:t e:c11s cf georr:etric c..r:.d un l ike ly
Ev2~y avc il sb l e in~ic&t o r of
he deterio r2t in ; c o~~etitive posi~ion
_L
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,
L·r
o~ tt e te~tr~I c~tv (th2r2 are o~ c ourse subst anti a l dif~er~nces
descriptive of Los Anse l cs ).
citi es are l agging beiind t~c rest of the nation by a
S pe ci fical ty:
~etail 2sta blish~ents
by 95% for th e rest of t he ~ation, b~t by only 41% i n citi~s .
- ?2r ca? ite inco2e chang es in city relativ2 to suburb.
- ?rcdict eC: joo
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~. 3 ~
~ r 143.215.248.55s
or public a ttitudes .
Su ch c t a~g e s , ho~ever , a r e b ot h u ~lii2 ly
~. :e
r e c: ogn.iz2
�5
It is a pparent tha t s egr esotion b; r a ce and inca~e i n our
to c ::'fset it .
sore than laws and fed e ril polici e s , but we suggest t~e place to
In sur;i:r.ary, t he Ta sk Force icec1t i fi2s 2.s n p::cob l e!:: of . th G
g ::- 22.test n2t icnai urgency U1 e :;rowt:::. a,1d ? Ove r 'c.y of c e:-,tral c:: ·.:;:
.)
W2 b eli e v e th.=-.t this situa tic1n al:::- cady p::-.· ovide s a driv in,;
=o::c e i n u rban dec l ine and t h at it s effect is - increased
0y t :.,e u:1~c,u2.l patteri'. o:: u r tm1 d2velo?cent .
2. )
'.,J2 E.::.- 2
co, ,vinced tha t e. d rc.r,,a t i c co:-if :cont at ion b et~veen
~ l r e e.dy i s bui lding in ~ost of ou r urb a n ar e as .
3)
~n the absence of st2. t 2; fec2ra i a~d loc a l 2.ct ion on a
th ~se prob l ems will grow l ~r~cr , mor e dangerou s to Arncr ic rn
soc i e t y 8~d i ~creas i ng ly c i ff ~cult to solv e .
·/.:
�6_
We therefore recommend a series of strategies designed
to:
1.
Increase individual access to jobs, education,
income, housing and other social services.
2.
Increase racial and income integration in
metropolitan areas.
3.
Increase the proportion of middle-class population,
especially Negro, in central cities.
4.
Increase the ability of new immigrants to adjust
to urban life.
5.
Increase the ability of all levels of governments
to deal with these problems.
Meeting th e goals will be costly and difficult.
It will
require, in our judgment, a well 6rganized process of innovation,
focusing resources at scale , moving towards increased
flexibility and strengthening th e position of mayors, some
governors, urban universities and others who can be counted
as · urban alli e s.
Our strategy for urban chang e and the
recommendations which flow from it is designed to overcome
five critical limits or present abilities for meeting urban
goals.
�,
7
1)
Capacity is limited by difficulty of effecting
metropolitan integration directly.
2)
Capacity is limited by city and state fiscal
and administrative weakness.
3)
Capacity is limited by the dispersion and low
level of Federal assistance to cities.
4)
Capacity is limited by Federal procedures,
program practices, centra~ization, an~ inflexibility.
5)
Capacity is limited by the state of the art for
solving urban problems.
The five sets of reco~me ndations which follow are
intended to outline a strategy which will increase
significantly th e ability of Federal, state and local
governments to respond to the problems posed by urb an
segregation and disparities.
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I.
Increasing race and income integration in urban areas
The Problem
Of all the problems the Task Force has addressed, none is
more vexing than the question of devising effective strategies
to integrate metropolitan areas.
We nonetheless believe that
the highest priority must be given to integration.
Without it,
ghetto families will be denied the opportunities enjoyed by the
urban majority; they will be forced to live in the least attractive
housing at increasing distances from the growth sector of the
urban economy; and the problems of a disaffected minority
will be concentrated in the ceritral cities.
Although improving the standard of living is absolutely
essential if ghetto residents are to move into the mainstream
of _Americ an life, it is illusory to beli eve that enrichment
alone will guarantee int egra tion.
The residential patt e rns of
every American city and metropolitan area document the fact
that income does not provide Negroes with the sam e freedom of
choice . that other Ame ric ans enjoy in th e urban housing mark et .
Equally important, the dec entralized political system of the
metropoli s employs l and us e and ot he r public controls to limit
sev ere ly hou s ing opportuniti es in s uburbia for a ll lowe r income
families.
A prime imp ediment to the dispersion of th e ghetto is th e fact
th at larg e numb e rs of city dwell ers and s ubu rbanites are oppo se d
to resid en tial inte gration and integrat e d education.
In th e
�6
2
central cities, the opponents of integration usually have more
influence at City Hall than the residents of the ghetto.
In the
suburbs, the Negro has no political voice; and the local
political system employs a variety of devices to satisfy its
constituents' desire to exclude Negroes in particular, and
lower income families in general, from their neighborhoods.
As a practical matter, an integration strategy must encompass
the metropolitan area.
Given the projected ghetto growth rates
and the likelihood of Negro majorities in a number of major
cities, integration cannot be accomplishe d within the confines
of the central city.
In fact , an integration strategy which
excludes the suburbs would only serve to hasten the exodus of
white families from the centr a l cities.
Anothe r r eason for d ev e loping disp e rsion strat eg ies in a
me tropolit an context is th e fa ct th a t th e hou sing marke t f unc tions ove r an entire metropolitan area.
Operating within a
local rath e r th an me tropolitan cont ext, federal housing programs ,
especially tho se aimed at th e di sadv antaged, h ave don e littl e
to foster disp e rsion.
In fact, more oft en than not, these
programs hav e encoura ge d r es id enti a l s egrega tion.
· Few me tropolitan a r eas h av e governmental arrangements which
would permit th e dev e lopment and implementa tion o f a me t r opol itanwid e int eg ration strategy.
Ev en fewer are popul ated by a
significant numb e r of s ubu rban ites who have demonstrated a po s itive
interest in an integrat e d metropo l i s .
In s t ead, most metropol i t an
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areas are governed by highly decentralized political systems.
Local governments of small scale control the vital parameters
of community life - the schools, land use, and the tax base.
Highly responsive to their relatively homogenous clientele
and sensitive to threats to local autonomy or the tax base,
most suburban governments show little interest in assuming any .
responsibility for the general welfare problems of the metropolis.
Efforts to create metropolitan governments have been
spectacularly unsuccessful.
Moreover, political realities and
the procliviti es of white middle class reformers have led almost
all me tropolitan governme nt plans to focus on service and physical
resource problems.
The Task Force knows of no metro proposal
that gives s e rious attention to the problems of th e ghetto.
Nor is there any evidence that the few metropolitan governments
creat ed in the past two decades have used their broad e r jurisdiction s to attempt to foster th e integration of th e metropolis.
Federal efforts to encourage metropolitan planning and
coordination also have avoid e d the policy ar eas most like ly to
affect the pattern of residential segr ega tion.
Substantial
progress ha s b een ma d e during th e past few years tow ar d securing
regional approach es to transportation, air pollution, and
water s upply .
Con sp icuously absent fro m this
list are
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p r o grams that mi ght b e u sed to promote integration, s uch as
publi c hou si n g, re nt s u p pl eme nt s, a nd a id to e duc a tion.
Th e
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sad truth is that the emerging metropolitan institutions are
concerned almost ~xclusively with the problems of suburban
development -and white middle class families in cities and suburbs.
Unless there is a radical change in the outlook of these planning
and review agencies, they are likely to widen the gap between
city and suburb.
Finally, open housing legislation has had minimal impact
on integration in the metropolis.
In the absence of nation al
legislation, there is a bewildering variety of state and local
fair housing codes .
These nearly always exempt the most common
form of suburban housing - the single fimily dwelling.
Another
major weakness is the cumb e rsome, case by case approach based on
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individual complaints, a proc ess which requires l ega l sophistication
and/or support which usually
dweller.
is unavailable for the ghetto
The federal government 's r e cord in this area is also
unimpr essive - neither FHA nor VA have move d aggressively to
secure maximum impact from the 1962 executive orde r banning
discrimin ation in hou s ing financed by federally guaranteed
mortg ages.
Rec ommendations
1)
National performance standards (s ee Section IV) should
stress int ~g rationas an int eg ral aspect of general developm en t
programs.
2)
Inc entiv e gr ant s ( see Se ction IV) should be u se d to
to encourage genera l d eve lopment p rograms for e ntire
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metropolitan areas which would tie federal support for suburban
improvements to ~rogress toward ending the racial and income
imbalances between cities and suburbs.
3)
Some form of incentive grants, particularly for
metropolitan areas, should be tied specifically to housing and
education programs which foster integration, such as scattered
site public housing, educational parks, etc.
4)
Section 204 of the Demonstration Cities and Metropolitan
Development Act should be expanded . to cover programs that affect
housing.
5)
All federal hou si ng pro g r ams should place a strong
emphasis on disp er sion, including the relocation policies in
urban renewa l.
Federal mortgage policies should be developed
to e ncourag e the construction of lower cost housing units
through relating down payments, interest rates, and the repayment
periods to the cost of the unit.
Such a policy should includ e the
use of subsidi ze d ~ortgages where appropriate.
6)
A compr e hensiv e national fair hou s in g act with the
broad es t possibl e coverage should be e nacted.
An exe cutive
ord e r should b e is s ued prohibiting se g re ga tion in all forms o f
ho~ sing assisted dir ec tly or indir ec tly by a ny federal agency.
The order should b e positiv e ly enforced, using th e techniques
d e v e lop e d in the federa l government 's efforts to e liminat e job
dis c rimin a tion in al l
form s o f f e d e r a lly financ e d employm e nt.
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7)
The federal governme nt should stimulate the creation
of and provide fi~ancing for metropolitan development corporations which would undertake to provide integiated low-cost
housing outside of ghettos.
The federal government would pro-
vide initial working capital and extend long term credit from
a national revolving fund.
Such corporations would accumulate
land for integrated housing, provide assistance in job location
for out-migrants, and aid suburbs in preparing effective
education programs for new resid e nts.
8)
Because job opportunities are likely to open up faster
than hou s in g opportunities, we recomm e nd a pro g ram of transportation assist a nc e with the following ch a racteristics.
a)
Re sponsiv e to ch a n g in g loc a tions o f both jobs
and work e rs.
b)
Focused on initial p e riod o f "job findin g " and
"job holding."
c)
Tr a nsfer a bl e from on e individual to anoth e r
d e p e ndin g on n ee d .
d)
Non-co mp e titiv e with the private ma rk e t .
Wh e r e such tr a v e l is r e lativ e ly concentrat e d, this d emand can
be me t th r ou g h sub s idi ze d public transport a tion .
For mo r e
disp e rs ed tr a v e l from gh e tto r e sid e nc e s to suburb a n job s,
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sho r t term pub licl y - ass i s t e d a utomobil e l ea sing ar r a n gem e n t s
will be ne e ded .
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9)
The Administration should realize that the greatest
potential fever for change in this area is the courts.
The Task Force urges the Administration to hasten the
inevitable Supreme Court rulings which will ban de facto school
. segregation and the employment of land use controls for social,
economic and racial discrimi~ation.
Given the revolutionary
impact of these anticipated rulings, it is not too early to
begin contingency planning to assure their speedy implementation
with a minimum of public disorder.
�II.
Federal action to strengthen city
for meeting the problem of urban disparities
Problem
Implementing the strategies for urban chan$e discussed in
this report depends ultimately upon actions taken by state and
local governments.
We assert that strengthening the positions
of governors and especially mayors will be of critical ·importance
in this process.
Their ability to deliver services is seriously
limited by administrative weakness and fiscal strain.
Yet they
are the only public officials with the potential authority
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necessary to effectively manage the large-scale attack on
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urban problems which we believe is essential.
They too - and
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our population projections indicate that this is certainly true
of mayors - will be under increasing pressures to respond to
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the fre_quent, now almost steady state, urban crisis of :11;· J :~verty
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an d segregation.
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The administrative problem breaks along the follo wi ng lines :
- Fragmentation of program responsibility among semiautonomous .agencies, often -reinforced by their counterpart s at
the federal leve l, bypasses and weakens the position of mayors
and gove rn ors.
- State and l oca l officials are under di rect and close
pressures to deliver and their high political mortality rates
indicate that delivery is enormously difficult in the present
system.
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- State and local government is in a disadvantageous
competitive position for directing talented, imaginative staffs .
The political executives management problems are compounded by
the lack of personal staff; there are few institutions analagous
to the executive office at the state and local level.
- Possibi l ities for a meaningful decentralization to
federal field offices are severely limited by the realities
of political authority in the federal system and by present
congressional-bureaucratic arrangements in Washington.
- Local officials must conduct an enormous numbe r of
negotiations with truncated federal agencies to receive any aid.
At the same time the cost of urban services is on the rise ..
We can expect increasing per capita costs for social services
and we ·can expect an increasing proportion of ci t y dwe l ler s
to require them.
The cities thus are caught in a process of
cumulative deterioration whic h can be r eve r sed on l y by s hif ts
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i n t he r esi dence o f poo r people or h i ghe r i ncome by city
r es i dent s.
The pr ob l em i s par ti cu l a rly a cu t e f or l arge cities.
During fi s cal year 19 65 , f or exampl e » muni c ipal expenditures
per capita were appr oximately three times as hi gh for cities
with populations exceeding 1 million as they were for communities
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with populations under 50,00 0 .
In short, we see the following
as critical limits on cities t o pay their own bills:
- Cities are under increasing demands for social services
while their revenue capabilities are increasingly inadequate
to pay for even existing levels of serviceso
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Social service costs are rising more rapidly than
costs in the economy.
- Some cities are already in danger of becoming
almost exclusively by peop l e who can simply not a ff ord to live
elsewhere and whose need f or services is very great.
- Problems of ra i sing additional revenue within juri sdictions such as cities are i mmense, due in part to the high
mobi l ity of resources between stat es and local it i es i n the
federal systems.
Cities are forced to rely heav ily on property
and consumption taxes, both of which are highly re gressive in
nature.
- The dependence on property· taxation on hous ing f or c i ty
revenue s may be a positive de t riment t o providing mo r e standard
unit s £ or the urban poo r.
Re commendati on s
1)
Re gard les s o f pas t fai lures t he popu l a t i on pro je c tions
and trends we fore s ee clear l y ind i c ate t hat most mayo rs and
ma ny urban governors, o f n ecessity, will be increasing ly
resp on sive t o the problems o f ci ty ghetto s.
Th ey can be the
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Pr es i den t's mos t i mp ort ant al l ies i n fulfilling our nat i onal
urban go al s.
They mu s t be the f ocu s o f any mean i ng f u l
decen t rali zat i on of the f ederal s y stem .
2)
In add i t i on to the fi scal flex i b i lity and d e cent ralizati on
recommended below, we u r_ge that presen t aid programs operate
through the political executive and not semi -autonomous bureaucracies.
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3)
To build toward a capability similar to that of the
federal executive office, w~. recommend direct gr-ants to mayors
and governors for staff assistants o~ city problems.
4) _ To increase the competence of state and local govern-
ment personnel we recommend increased federal assistance for
training and continued efforts in the direction of inter-governmental
exchanges of personnel.
5)
Legislation should be promoted permittirig state and
local governments · to waiv·e . federal tax resumption of securities
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in return for a federal grant equivalent to the federal taxes
collected on the . interest from such securities.
Some estimates
indicate that this could result in an added .6 to 1 billion
dollars per year.
6) ·
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Federal assistance to cities should be significantly
increased; and the existing impediments to the effective use
of federal aid at the local level should be eliminated.
The
components of this recommendation are presented in detail' in
.Parts 111, ·1v, .-and V .- below.
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�DRAFT:LEONE:6/19/67
III.
Focusing and increasing the level of Federal
assistance to cities
The Problem
1.
Many of our present programs fail to reach
the central city poor with enough resources to make a
difference.
2.
Simple extension of present programs - leaving
effectiveness aside - to reach the central city poor would
cost in manpower, education, health, housing and legal
services ____ billion dollars a year.
3.
Unless we reach a scale of sufficient size we
will find as we have found in the past our efforts are
dis~ipated by trying to reach too many people, in too
many cities, with too many programs.
4.
Policy responsibility at the Federal level
must be focused in strengthened urban agencies.
Recommendations
The following programs are meant to focus resources
on increasing urban integration and enriching the lives
of those who remain in big city ghettos.
In each program
area, we have attempted to order our recommendations in
terms of some rough priorities and time phases with
employment having the highest overall priority .
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Our expertise in the following program areas is
limited.
We have listed only recommendations which
seem to us to be most relevant to an overall city
strategy.
Our suggestions are in no sense exhaustive.
We hope to:
Overhaul existing programs and redirect
existing resource commitments to
increase their impact on the ghetto.
Increase commitments in the most critical
program areas for implementing broad goals.
Develop new approaches to tackle those
aspects of ghetto enrichment and dispersion
not affected by existing programs.
Tie Federal assistance to disadvantaged
individuals where appriate.
1.
Employment
A.
The Task Force recommends the consolidation
of presently separated manpower programs into a single
comprehensive manpower grant.
This move would allow
development of sufficient local manpower programs under the
aegis of a single agency which would absorb the important
functions of recruitment, selection, and processing,
training, placem ent and follo w-up of the poor .
This st e p
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would include consoli dati on of those programs administered
by the U. S. Department of Labor including institutional
training, on-the-job training, neighborhood youth corps,
concentrated employment program in the employment service
with the Vocational Rehabilitation and OEO employment
operations.
B.
In the absence of si gnificant
consolidation programs, the Task Force recommends an
expansion and refocusing of the on-the-job training
program to provide higher subsidies to private industry
for training of the poor.
Reimbursement for tr aining
costs should be doubled and perhaps quadrupl ed and the
26 weeks presently allowed should be expanded to a full
year.
OJT should b e provide d with a greater staff for
job developmen t and for counselin g and follow-up after
placement in a job training position.
C.
In order to compensate for the declin e
of manufacturing and commercia l jobs in the city, the
Task Force r e commends an expansion in public employment
throu gh the n ew car eers idea as emb odi e d in the Scheuer
Ame ndment to the Economic Opportunity Act.
New careers
provides entry level employment for the poor with
meaningful upgrading in work and profes~ional training.
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D.
The Task Force recommends an increased
number of demonstration projects - of all types to test the important relationship between deficient
transportation to work sites and the willingness and
ability of city residents to accept training and employment.
E.
The Task Force recommends a joint effort
by HUD and the Department of Labor to negotiate a nation a l
mod e l ag r e ement for employme n t with th e build i n g tr a de
unions, which would permit lar ge -scale slum rebuilding
e xperiments to make gre a ter use of slum resid ents.
We
r e co gn ize th a t th e i mpl ement ati on of this r e comme nda tion
would not solve any signific ant proportion of the
employment problem but it would h ave useful symbolic
v a lu e i n the ghe tto s of ce ntr a l c ities.
The De p a rtm ent
of Commerce should be involv e d to reach similar agreemen t s
wi th employe r s in the c onst r uction industry.
F.
As a l on g-run possib i l i t y, we su ggest a
p r o gram whic h wou ld operate much like th e GI Bi ll of Rights
wh i ch would pl a ce e ntitl ements i n t h e ha nds of th e p oor t o
maximi xe persona l ch o i ce in selecting edu cational, t rainin g
and employment assistance.
Th e funds could be u sed by the
· ind i v i du a l to gain c ert ification in regul a r educat ion a l
institutions o r f or training on the j ob with the employer
receiving reimbu rsement f or hi s trai ning c os ts.
The great
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advant~ge of this approach is in avoidi~g the seemi~gly
endless tangle of referrals, delays, and insensitivity
encountered in the present, fragmented system.
2.
Education
A.
Any program of Federal aid for elementary
and secondary school construction should offer in_c entives
for facilities designed to increase the integration of
students.
"Bonus" funds could be available for
educational parks within cities, suburban exchange schools
and for consolidated school districts.
Funds should also
be included for the modernization and replacement of older
school plants in central cities.
B.
We recommend a program of educational
subsidies for low-income children which would be
administered as scholarships for use at any approved
elementary and secondary educational institution.
"Bonus" funds could be available for schools which are
integrated or are experimental.
C.
3.
Sizer recommendations (see paper)
Special recommendations for urban veterans
A.
We give the strongest endorsement to
Department of Defense Manpower programs, such as
. "Proj e ct 100,000" and "Project Transition" .
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B.
We recommend a stepped-up outreach
activities in the Veterans Administration to trace
those with the greatest need for assistance at the
point of separation and especially after separation.
C.
We urge FHA and VA loans to servicemen
and veterans to finance proposed or existing individually
owned on e -family units in pr~ects containing five or
more units.
D.
We recommend that VA be given a special
mandate and the capacity to assist ghetto v e terans in
obtainin g such urban skills as planning, social service
work and community developm e nts.
4.
Incom e mainten a nce and we lf a re
A.
Any well conceived strategy for the city
requires substantial increases in consumer demand.
City dwe llers ne e d a sustain e d and substantial upward
movement in payme nt lev e ls for
(1)
unemployment compensation
(2)
we lf a re p ayme nts
(3)
minimum wa ge
B.
The present welf a re syst e m must be
alt ere d t o make i t a mo re e ffe ctive instrume nt in de ali n g
with gh ett o depe nd e nc e .
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(1)
Altering AFDC man in the house
requirements to permit
(2)
Altering outside income requirements
to eliminate the in-effect 100%
income tax rate and thus encourage
C.
We should move towards having a l~rger
proportion and perhaps all welfare payments at the
Federal level.
Continued reliance on localities and
states for a share places an added strain on their
frequently regressive tax systems and inhibts the
development of more r e asonable national standards for
welfare.
S.
Public Facilities
A.
We urge greater use of the location of
public facilities - both Federal and Fede rally support e d as a lev e r in s e curin g a ctu a l int eg ration, op e n housin g
and employment opportunities.
Those facilities which can
be located in cities, especially community colleges and
hospitals, should b e consid e r e d a part of overall
dev e lopm e nt and city enrichme nt pl a ns .
Public employ me nt
for low-income groups should be related to any n e w
facilit y - includin g those in th e suburbs .
This n ew f ocus
o f re spo ns ibili ty s h oul d b e come a ma jo r conc ern d f t he
Se c re t aries o f HEW an d HUD .
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B.
The Department of Housing and Urban
Development should be given a primary role in
coordinating all Federal urban capital investment as
part of national integration and enrichment strategies:
6.
Housing
A.
To achieve integration there must be
continued emphasis on compliance with desegregation
guidelines in housing financed through the Federal
mortgage programs.
This is especially important in
suburban developments which will account for 90% of the
new housing ov e r the next 25 years.
The flow of resources into financing
housing is affected by interest rates, alternative
investment opportunities, and oth e r forces, some of which
are greatly influenced by Feder a l policy.
B.
Lower interest rates to stimulate a ~inimum
annu a l construction rate in housin g should be a national
objective.
Th e eff e cts of low interest rates on the
supply of low- and moderate-housing "swamps" the effects
of Federal "housing progr ams" as such .
C.
Investme nt inc e ntiv es such as t a x credits
and d e pr e ci a tion sch e dul es should b e a p pli e d t o hou s in g
in th e s ame way th a t th e y a r e a pp li e d to oth er c a pit a l
goo d s.
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Every mechanism for maintaining a constant flow of
investment into housing should be explored by the
Administration.
These might include the issuance of
longer term certificates at higher interest rates to
attract the investing power of pension funds and
insurance companies.
Certificates-should be issued
by the Federal National Mortgage Association.
D~
The Task Force recommends expanded use of
devices such as leased,scattered site public housing
rehabilitated through use of the "turnkey" approach with
purchase options for the tenants.
E.
Homeownership incentives for central city
ghetto resid ents simil ar to the Veterans' Administration's
no-down payment programs should be offer ed .
F.
The Task-Force recommends that the multi-
family mort gage operations be separated ;·from the present
Federal Housing Administration which would then b e
charged with insuring only single-family mortgages.
In the absence of such surgery, we believ e th a t the age
and inflexibility of most FHA officials renders any
alternative recommendation unworkable.
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7.
Special Recommenda tions on the Community Action Program_
a)
The Task Forc e believes the community action idea
is a major innovation in Federal programming and reflects
the emphasis on demonstration and experimentation which
is critical for increasing our problem-solving capacity.
The Community Action Program should be retained within
an independent OEO with its charter for flexible and
innovative programs.
b)
A first step toward employing performance criteria
in distributing scarce CAP funds should be taken.
These crit e ria should include the CAP's innovative
capacity, its ability to coordin a te other relevant agencies
and to op e rate its own programs.
c)
Demonstration funds should be incre a sed accomp anied
by ti ghter research controls applied to projects.
d)
Guid e lines to insur e CAP participation in Mod e l Cities
plannin g and execution should be promulgat e d.
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Th e dev e lopment of commun i ty action agencies as parts
of th e local politic a l and gove rnm ent a l s y st em should be
encour age d .
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IV.
Reforming the administration of federal urban programs to
provide simplification, flexibility and decentralization
The Problem
The American federal system is being slowly strangled by
the complexity of contemporary intergovernmental relations.
Cities and states are fighting a losing battle to extract ·
maximum advantage from a bewildering variety of federal assistance
programs.
Administrative shortcomings seriously compromise the
prospects of many of the imaginative federal programs developed
in recent years.
The Task Force has grave doubts about the
capacity of this over-burd ened system to manage the new efforts
needed to move th e ghetto resident into the mainstream of
American society.
By accident rath er than design, th e federal governmen t has
created an extremely categorical, fragm ented, and complic ate d
approach to urb an programming.
Each program area t ends to
develop its own set of sp ec ific program goals and controls, a
clos e r e lationship wi th a specialized clientei"e, and a narro w
perspectiv e on th e problems of cities and suburbs.
Because the
feder a l government seeks to achieve general policy objectiv es
through highly detai led pro gram controls, most federal programs
are characterized by an ov ercen tr aliza tion of detai l , administrative rigidity, long delays in processing applications, a multiplication of required cons ents , a failure to inno vate , and a
lack of responsiv e ness to speciali zed loc a l ne ed s.
Cities
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confront delay and confusion in the funding of their programs;
they witness an inability of federal agencies to work with
one another in making sense of federal programs in urban areas.
The burdens of an already overloaded system of intergoverrimental relations have been multiplied by the rapid expansion of
federal domestic prqgrams during the past seven years.
Most of
the new programs are categorical and involve detailed federal
program controls.
In an effort to advance laudable national
policy goals, such as metropolitan coordination and highway
safety, additional detailed requirements have been imposed on
existing programs.
The net effect has been to complicate further
the bureaucratic maze that stands between federal resources and
.urban problems.
The Task Force is especially concerned about the failure
of the federal government to build sufficient flexibility and
opportunities for state and local discretion and innovation into
the federal aid system.
Many of the problems of large city
ghettos are quantitativ e ly and qualitatively different from
those of the poorer neighborhoods of smaller cities .
Solutions
to many of our most vexing urban problems are neither obvious
nor universally applicable.
Yet relatively few fed e ral progr ams
permit the d eve lopmen t of locally-determined str ateg ies for
cities and metropolitan areas.
In its str ess on local innovation and flexibility, the
Model Citi es Program represents a welcome departure from the
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rigid programmatic approach.
By emphasizing systematic planning
and coordination of federal categorical grant programs, Model
Cities seeks to reduce overlap and dupl{cation of effort.
But
constituent-agency relations, formula grants, inflexible requirements, and specialized administrative practices tax the
ability of any city to tie these many disparate strands into
an effective program.
In addition, Model Cities program standards
are added to those required by the component programs without
any compensating simplication of the process whereby a~plications
for assistance are approved.
Innovation, flexibility, and
coordination are easily stymied by a process whose practical
effect is to pyr am id requirements, multiply consents, and
increase the time lag in bringing r e sources to bear against
problems.
The Task Force is impressed with neither the record nor the
potential of existing instruments for securing interagency
coordination of grant programs, such as Bureau of the Budget
intervention to resolve interagency conflict, interagency
committ ee s, the me tropolitan expediter, and HUD's convenor
order.
Th e Administration's experience with the community
action program and the neighborhood centers unhappily indic ates
that substantial coordination cannot b e achi eved at th e federal
level withou t substantial ch anges in the grant-in-aid me chanism .
The massive effort need ed to overcome the problems pos ed
by the ghetto will be financed l argely by some form of federal
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grant-in~aid.
To the degree that such grants are programmatic,
the Task Force is convinced that it is absolutely essential to
streamline and simplify the distributivi mechanisms.
Instead
of extending and expanding categorical aids, the Administration
should stress consolidation, decentralization, and flexibility.
In the opinion of the Task Force, however, fragmentation,
administrative complexity and rigidity, overcentralization of
de tail, inadequate coordination, and lack of innovation are
endemic to the programmatic approach.
Even the most imaginative
reforms are likely to have only a marginal impact if grant
programs continue to multiply at th e ir present rate.
Of course,
this growth rate would be accelerated if all the Task Force's
recommenda tions were transl ated into ind ividual grant programs.
An increased fed er al commitment to urban problems and a
national effort focused on ghetto def iciencies requires a
substanti al reorientation o f roles and responsibilities in th e
federal system.
The Admini s tration b egan this task with th e
development of th e Poverty and Mode l Citi es progr ams .
The Task
Force believes th e time has come to expand the application of
these conc ep ts through th e developme nt of a highly fl ex ibl e ,
loc~lly - based s yst em of grants-in - aid which substitutes general
purpos e assistance for progr amma tic gr ant s and n a tiona l p er formance standards for detailed program c ont ro l s.
It should a l s o b e not e d that the r ec ommend a tions h av e b een
design e d to p e rmit th e partial applic a tion of th e s e concepts.
�s
Thus, the implementation of these proposals may be staged over
time, with the most promising program areas selected for initial
treatment.
It also will be possible to retain _federal program
standards in those areas where such controls are deemed in the
national interest.
Recommendations
1)
Application, processing, and revi ew procedures should
be streamlined in all non-formula grant-in-aid programs.
The
goals of internal program reform should be: (a) to simplify
application procedures through the development of standardized
methods; (b) to r e duce sh~rply the time between application and
approval or rejection of a grant request; (c) to reduce multiple
cons ents; (d) to check the trend toward pyramiding requireme nts;
and ( e ) to employ standardized revi ew and audit procedures .
Responsibility for the implementation of this recommendation
should be lodg e d in th e Bureau of th e Budget.
2)
Gr ea ter u se s hould be made o f earmarking of grants to
facilitate the fundin g of programs lik e Mode l Cities and
community action which cut across pro gram and agency lines .
This dev ice should be u sed to enh ance the focu sing of fed e ral
res ou rces on ghetto problems.
3)
Whenever possible, new grant programs should b e merg e d
with exist ing programs .
Con so lidation of r e lat ed grant pro grams,
along the lin es of the Partnership in Health Act of 1966 , s hould
be giv en high priority.
Gr ant consolida tion reduc es the numb er
�L
6
of separate negotiations which any jurisdiction would have to
carry on in order to design relatively comprehensive local programs.
4)
Provision should be made for consolidated
applications
for two or more related grants administered within a single
department.
Such intra-agency grants would permit a state or
local agency to deal with a single representative of the
appropriate department wh en applyin g for r e lated gr ants.
Impl ement a t io n o f this r e comme nd a t ion r e qui res the e s tabli s hmen t
of an intra-agency grant office within each department, prefe r a bly
in the off ic e of the s e cret ary.
The intra-agency gr ant off i ce
woul d r e c eiv e and p roc ess the a ppli cati on for an i n tr a-age n cy
grant, coordinate th e revi ew of the application with th e
appropri a t e ag enci e s within th e d e p a rtmen t to insu re th a t
pro gram s t and a r ds we r e be ing me t, and a ct as the f ina l gr a n t in g
authority, subj e ct to appropri a te r ev i ew at the d ep a rtm e nt a l
leve l .
5)
Pr ov i sions s h ould b e made f o r c on so li dated app l ications
for two or mor e related grants administered by agencies in two
or mo re de p a rtments.
Such in ter- a ge n c y grants woul d p ermi t a
state or local agency ~o deal wit h a sing l e federal agency when t he
federal grants needed to finance a compreh ensive project are
adminis t ered by t wo or more depa rtm en ts.
Imp l emen t ation o f
this recommendation requires the d es ignation o f an agency to
rec eive application s for inter-ag ency grants, to coor din ate th e
review of the application with the appropriate agencies to insure
�~
- -
-
If
7
that program standards are being met, and to act as the final
granting authority, subject to appeal by the appropriate
departmental heads.
The Task Force believes that the inter-
agency grant coordinating function should be assigned to the
same agency which is designated as the principal federal urban
agency, as recommended in Part III above.
Legislation to
implement this recommendation would not authorize the waiver
of statutory provisions such as eligibility for -grants, matching
ratios, or program duration.
6)
Performance standards should be substituted for detailed
program standards wherever feasible.
Standards should be simple,
general, quantifiable where possible, and applicable to a wide
variety of contexts.
Performance standards should relate to
general societal goals rather than to specific program objectives.
Thus, a housing performance standard might be the proportion of
substandard dwelling units, not the number of public housing
units.
National performance standards should focus on the
urban goals of integration and enrichment.
7)
The substitution of performance standards for program
controls should be accompanied by the pooling of funds in existing
grant programs.
An essential first step in pooling is the
establishment of functional pooling arrangements which permit
L
�8
the unrestricted use of funds in a general functional area, such
as housing, manpower training, health, or transportation.
In
housing, for example,public housing, urban renewal, and rent
supplement funds would be pooled, to be employed by the
appropriate local or state agency to implement a comprehensive
housing program.
All programmatic restrictions would be removed.
from the use of pooled funds; thus, funds derived from the
public housing program might be used to finance .rent supplements,
rehabilitation, code enforcement, or some other locally devised
strategy designed to overcome housing deficiencies.
8)
Where federal funds are functionally pooled, the basic
requirement for eligibility should be a comprehensive program 1n
the functional area which relates local deficiencies and needs to
the ~ppropriate national performance standards.
Comprehensive
housing, manpower, health, or transportation programs should be
developed by the appropriate local or state agency.
Comprehensive
programs would specify local deficiencies in terms of national
standards, set forth program goals to meet the national standards,
and indicate in a general way the projects to be undertaken to
reach the program goals during the life of the comprehensive
program.
When all funds functionally pooled are from programs
within a single agency or departm ent, th a t agency or departm e nt
should approve the comprehensiv e program and monitor its impl e mentation .
When functional l y pooled funds are drawn from two
or more departm ents, the principal federal urban agency recommended
�,, .
9
in Part III should approve the comprehensive program and monitor
its implementation.
9)
Provision should also be made for the pooling of federal
funds across functional lines.
Unde r this type of arrangement, some
or all of the federal aid flowing into a neighborhood, municipality,
county, metropolitan area, or state would be pooled, with all
programmati c restrictions removed from the use of the pool ed
funds.
Eligibility for general pooling should be based on the
preparation by the appropriate local or state unit of a general
development program based on national performance standards.
General development programs would be similar to the comprehensive functional programs discussed in the previous recommenda tion, except that their scope would be substantially bro ader .
General dev e lopment programs would b e approved by the principal
federal urban agency recommended in Part III, which would also
monitor the implementation of the general development program.
10)
To facilitate the preparation of compr e hensive functional
programs and general development pro grams, federal technical
assistance and pl a nning aid should be expanded.
In the case o f
compr ehens iv e function a l progr ams involving two or more a ge nci es ,
and in all instances of general development program prep a ration,
technic a l assist an c e and planning aid should be funn e l e d throu gh
th e p r incip a l fe de r a l urb an age ncy a s r e commend e d in Pa rt III.
As a first step toward implemen tin g t he previou s recomme nd a tions,
t he federa l governmen t s houl d f ina nce the prepar a t io n of a
�,
10
number of comprehensive functional programs and general development programs by a variety of local and state units.
11)
The federal government should initiate a program of
. general purpose assistance to local and state governments.
We
recommend that two types of general purpose grants be developed
deficiency grants and incentive grants.
a)
Deficiency grants are general purpose formula
grants designed to provide supplemental federal assistance
for local units, the ma gnitud e of which would be related
to need and capability.
An equalization formula to
accomplish this purpose would be based on population, per
capita incom e , tax bas e , tax effort, and perhaps other
measur e s of social, economic, and infr as tructure d ef iciencies.
Defici en cy grants could be used by the r e cipi e nt local or
state unit for any public purpose consistent with a general
developm ent program.
Eligibility for deficiency grants
would be det e rmin e d by the princip a l f ede ral agency recommended
in Part III through its approval of a general development
progr am.
Given th e magnitud e of th e gh e tto probl em , th e
Task Force r e comme nds an initial outlay of$
for defici ency grants, which would provide$
billion
per gh et to
dwell er.
b)
Inc en tiv e grants are gen e ral purpose grants
distributed by the principal federal agency recommended in
Part III.
Incenti ve grants could be used to suppl eme nt pool ed
�,
11
funds ·or interagency grants.
The availability of general
purpose agency grants should enhance the ability of the
principal federal agency to promote inter-agency grants,
pooling arrangements, and comprehensive functional and
. general development programs.
A significant proportion
of incentive grants should be used to stimulate the prepara- ·
tion and implementation of general development programs which
give high priority to ghetto problems, especially integration.
�1
L
I
V.
Increasing knowledge of solutions to urban problems
The Problem
The Task Force believes that if this society were
ready to commit the resources required for its cities,
new technologies and knowledge could make our efforts
more effective and relevant than is presently possible.
We emphasize the advantages of the Federal government
as a funder, controller and evaluater of demonstrations
and experiments - an advantage which is readily apparent
in the aerospace industry.
This advantage is presently
being dissipated by fragmentation of problems by agency
mission, lack of long-term financing of experimentation
and basence of sensitive feedback mechanisms to influence
policy-making.
In addition, the efficiency of our
efforts to solve urban problems may be limited by . the
small scale of our programs and even demonstrations.
Recommendations
1.
The flexibility and emphasis on innovation
characteristic of the Model Cities Program should be
exploited by conc e ntrating resources - as far as possible on 4 or 5 cities and/or metropolitan areas capable of
implementing we ll-structured and cont r olled experiments.
To achieve this wo uld require at least the following:
�- -
2
-- Assignment of responsibility for the design
and evaluation of the experiments to the new Assistant
Secretary for Research and Development in DHUD.
-- Informal allocation of resources from a ge ncies
other than HUD, (for example, project demonstration
monies in HEW and Labor) for use in the selected cities.
-- An aggressive Federal role in providing
technical assistance to thes e. "key" cities'.
2.
The creation and fundin g of an institute for
basic urb an r e search, along the lines of RAND or IDA in
th e de fense area.
The institute should be Federally
funded, independent of day-to-day departmental control
and able to und e rt a ke long-term research projects.
· Initially, the institute would not undertake operation
or fundin g of action projects, but would concentrate on
basic rese a rch into urban economics, data collection and
analysis, etc.
3.
A stren gthen e d and be t t e r-financed demonstration
and exp e ri me nta t ion rol e for DHUD and its Assist a nt
Secr e tary for Re se a rch and Deve lopment .
This should
includ e th e abilit y to fin anc e long-t e rm proj e cts
ind ep enden t of f isc a l year r es trictio n s and deve lo pmen t
an d a c ti on p ro j ec t s in fi e lds other than h ousi ng.
A h i gh
premium should be p l aced on j oint funding with o ther
agencies for projects cutting across several service
sectors.
-
-
L.
�L
3
4.
The evolution of a developmental orgariization
which can undertake large-scale investments in new
systems, such as new housing ideas.
This institution
might be developed by the Assistant Secretary for Research
and Development in DHUD.
It should have the funds,
flexibility and authority to underwrite construction of
new types of schools or hospitals or houses on a scale
large enough to make a difference.
This agency also
could expend the developmental work done by OEO in basic
manpower and health iystems, or combine them with the
physical elements of a sector.
The first target of
large-scale development should be constructing more
efficient and flexible low-and moderate-income housing.
5.
The capacity of local and state governments to
undertake research and development should be increased
with the aid of positive Fed era l action.
Subsidies to
regional or urban universities are one means of achieving
this; financing of research staffs for governors and
mayors is another.
Federal programs, such as Model Cities
and Community Action, which stimulate innovative and
experimental action projects should be expanded as the
best hope ' for building local development capacity.
�L
I -
4
6.
We believe the natural advantage enjoyed by
the Federal government for financing and evaluating
research and development should be strengthened in
all departments.
Within department, R&D otitputs
should feedback to the Secretary to insure that R&D
projects affect on-going programs and policies and open
new directions.
Responsibility for monitoring government ~
wide urban R&D activity should be centralized either in
the Executive Office or in HUD.
Without centralizat i on,
th e r e sults of r e sear ch in one a ge ncy are not like ly to
become inputs in the policy-making of another.
�
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Box 22, Folder 18, Document 32
Box 22
Box 22 Folder 18
Folder topic: Task Force on Cities | 1966
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A written representation of a document.
J uc1e l E- ,
2._.. o:n :
Richa _
-_ 9.6 7
C. ~ec~2
.::.·_-_c ::.cs2C:. &:ce .. a jar portioas
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,.: 2 realiz- th t sc~11e of th1...s1...
·c' - d _aft r epo::-L
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s~ill in a crude fore
- ·c·.-,e:.y s~-:.ould g .:.ve eve:.:,·c,:_~ sc::-.2tr iag to t 1.ink about
,:ic:.: _-:
O'i'l
betweE:-t now and :'hu..:-sc:ay .
d::aft 3nd should have
&
cle&: er
We wi 11 b e rE:v::. s ~ :--_::;
nd perhcps ~ore r efi .~c
_, _>y for our r:1ccting in W shir.gt:on .
Execut ive Secret ry
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Text
A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.
Text
Any textual data included in the document
To: Members of Task Force
From: Richard C. Leone
enclosed are major portions of the draft report.
ize that some of these ave still in a crude form
‘put they should give everyone something to think about
zid work on between now and Thursday. We will be revising
ft and should have 4 cleaner and perhaps more refinced
Lac ara
copy for our meeting in Washington.
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Title
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Box 22, Folder 18, Document 31
Box 22
Box 22 Folder 18
Folder topic: Task Force on Cities | 1966
Geopolitical Entity: Washington DC
Person: lac
Person: richard c. leone
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328f56f20e0a0a967534ff6f97ff9251
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A written representation of a document.
,,
·----Jtme 2, 1967
MHDMNDUM
I -
To:
Task Force Members
From:
Richard C. Leone
Downs, Macinnes, Frederic and I had a long anc.l rambling session with
As sistant Secretary of HUD Charles Ilaar and his deputy. The following
t wo portions of our discussion may be of interest to the Task Force.
1. It's quite clear that the metropolitan development plans of HUD
Jo not t ake t he ghetto an<l dispersion into accmmt. The reasons for
this ar e not a l ack of interest or understanding of the problem. It
is simply that the metropolitan programs themselves are "a weak reed"
t o carry the heavy burden of integration. Our discussions brought out
the unremarkable f act that we would be likely to lose our metropolitan
programs if we attempted to force integration through the use of them.
2. I t is gener ally agreed that a more promising route for approaching
the r.1Ctropolitan aspects of integration is to the use of the states
or providing the cities with special leverage on suburbs. To discuss
onl y the state example here: it appears much more likely that a political
executi ve r esponsive to pr essures f rom Negroes and indeed to pressures in
eener al will be more like ly to work on the kind of problems we are
inter ested in. We should be thinking here of the urban governors of the
lar ge nor theast ern and mi d-we stern states who are undoubtedly somewhat
r espons ive t o the problems of central cities. These areas include a
lar ge proporti on of t he cities we arc most concerned about.
In short , our fee l ing was t hat placing the responsibility for some of
these movements in populat i ons (even by t he most rotmdabout means ) would
be most l ikel y t o have a payoff i f we depended upon political execut i ves.
I think that one of the principal aJvant ages we' ve seen in our discussion
of metropolitan approaches t o the prob l em goes beyond the fee l ing that
metropolitan-wide soluti ons are rational. Some of us have seen the
me tropolitan unit as less responsive t o the ant i -int egrati on pressures just as the courts arc less responsive than the Congress. The problernp
of course, is that the courts exist an<l metropolitan bodies do not.
This has led us in turn to suggest that in round ·11one" we might create
such bodies working with the "winners" such as water and sewer grantsp
etc., and, then, in round "two" ask them t o take on some of the tasks
of integration. My reaction to this is based largely on the experience
�2
with authorities in the New York Metropolitan region. They too have
taken on the winners but no one has yet figured out a way to force
them to take on some of the losers (the c01mnuter railroads, for example).
This is not meant to say that we should leave our metropolitan development
corporation, netropolitan services corporation, etc., out of the final
report but that we should think about them a bit more in the perspective
of what are the most effective and promising ways of building something
larger than a city and to the integrat~on plblem.
.
Ii
Exe '
.
. /,
ecretary
�
Text
A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.
Text
Any textual data included in the document
June 2, 1967
MEMORANDUM
To: Task Force Members
From: Richard C, Leone
Downs, MacInnes, Frederic and I had a long and rambling session with
Assistant Secretary of HUD Charles Ilaar and his deputy. The following
two portions of our discussion may be of interest to the Task Force,
1. It's quite clear that the metropolitan development plans of HUD
do not take the ghetto and dispersion into account, The reasons for
this are not a lack of interest or understanding of the problem. It
is simply that the metropolitan programs themselves are ''a weak reed"
to carry the heavy burden of integration. Our discussions brought out
the unremarkable fact that we would be likely to lose our metropolitan
programs if we attempted to force integration through the use of them.
2. It is generally agreed that a more promising route for approaching
the metropolitan aspects of integration is to the use of the states
or providing the cities with special leverage on suburbs. To discuss
only the state example here: it appears much more likely that a political
executive responsive to pressures from Negroes and indeed to pressures in
general will be more likely to work on the kind of problems we are
interested in. We should be thinking here of the urban governors of the
large northeastern and midwestern states who are undoubtedly somewhat
responsive to the problems of central cities, These areas include a
large proportion of the cities we are most concermed about.
In short, our feeling was that placing the responsibility for some of
these movements in populations (even by the most roundabout means) would
be most likely to have a payoff if we depended upon political executives,
I think that one of the principal advantages we've seen in our discussion
of metropolitan approaches to the problem goes beyond the feeling that
metropolitan-wide solutions are rational, Some of us have seen the
metropolitan unit as less responsive to the anti-intcgration pressurcs =
just as the courts are less responsive than the Congress. The problem,
of course, is that the courts exist and metropolitan bodies do not,
This has led us in turn to suggest that in round "one" we might create
such bodies working with the "winners" such as water and sewer grants,
etc., and, then, in round ''two'' ask them to take on some of the tasks
of integration, My reaction to this is based largely on the experience
with authorities in the New York Metropolitan region, They too have
taken on the winners but no one has yet figured out a way to force
them to take on some of the losers (the commuter railroads, for example),
This is not meant to say that we should leave our metropolitan development
corporation, metropolitan services corporation, etc., out of the final
report but that we should think about them a bit more in the perspective
of what are the most effective and promising ways of building something
larger than a city and to the integration p blem.
)
|
ecretary
Dublin Core
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Title
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Box 22, Folder 18, Document 30
Box 22
Box 22 Folder 18
Event: memorandum
Folder topic: Task Force on Cities | 1966
Geopolitical Entity: new york metropolitan
Organization: congress
Organization: frederic
Organization: HUD
Organization: macinnes
Organization: the task force
Person: charles ilaar
Person: downs
Person: richard c
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DRAFT:6/2/67
RECOMMENDATIONS
The Task Force recommends a number of specific proposals
designed to offer incentives for the integration of Negroes with
whites, to r a is e the leve l of socia l services to the poor within
the central city or to create a more stable middle-class society
within the city.
Naturally there is a great deal of overlap
between the obj ec t ives of each of th es e r e commendation s.
None o f
them are pure "integration" or "up-lift" or "civiliza_tion" programs.
We have made some judgments on the practica lity of each of thes e
recommendations .
They a r e divided into t h os e which might be poss i bl e
under present social circumstance s and those which de pend on more
fundament a l changes in the attitude s of the Ame rican people.
Empl oyment is the mos t meaningfu l, d i r ec t and permanent means
of providi ng the poor Amer ic an with a n opportun ity f or f ull
participation in soc i ety .
The following r ecommenda tions r egarding
employment ar e int end ed f or the short run, say the next f ive y ears.
1.
The major prob l em with fed era l ly supported manpower programs
is fr agmenta tion bet ween Cabine t agencies and within Departments .
Th is pro li ferati on of manpowe r programs , oft en with a spec i a l t arge t
group for each program, only compounds the difficulty of any city or
agency has i n de s igning and impl ementing a compreh ens i ve a nd
comprehensible employment and tra ining effort.
The Task Force recommends the consolidation of present l y
s e parated manpowe r progr ams into a sing l e compreh e nsive manpower
grant.
This move would a llow deve lopment of sufficient loca l
�2
manpower programs tmder the aegis of a single agency to
absorb the important functions of recruitment, selection and processing,
training, placement and follow-up of the poor. A first step would be the
consolidation of those programs administered by the U.S. Department of
Labor including institutional training, on-the-job training, neighborhood
youth corps, concentrated employment program, and the employment service.
Strong incentives for cooperation with vocational rehabilitation, and OEO
employment operations should be explicit in the lceislation.
2.
Tn the absence of sigpi f"ic:ant consolid~ri on ma.nnower _programs,
the T~sk Force recorrnnends an e).TJ,msion and n ~focusinr; of the on-th~-i ob
traininQ_oro r.r am
tn
Drovi de higher subsidies to privat e inclustrv to under-
take the traini.nQ of the poor.
It has become clear that without the
close cooperation anJ participation of privat e industry t hat permanent
and meaningful employment will not r esult from even excessive employment
·and training e:x11endi turcs.
Reimbursement for training cost should be
doubled and perhaps quadrupl ed and the 2Ci \\'eeks presently allowed should
be expanded to a f ull year.
OJT should provide for a gr eat er s t aff for
job devclopnent and for counsel ing and follow-up aft er placement in a j ob
training pos ition.
3.
O.Jr i s r.1os t r el evant in the devel opr.1cn t of cornrncrc i al Md manu-
facturing jobs for t he poor in the area of the centr al city.
In order
to cor:ipcnsat e for t he decline of these jobs in t he city t he Task Force
reco1:nnends an e:x.-pansion in public enployment - the Task Force r ecommen<ls
an expansion in the new careers idea in puhlic er:1ployrnent such as
�3
embodied i n the Scheuer 2..memlment to t}1e Econoa ic Onoorttmi t v Act.
This program combines the advantages of providin.g entry level employment
for the poor with meaningful grading in ,wrk and professional training.
When operate<l successfully it serves the goal of enrichment as well as
that of assisting in the creation of a more stab le middle class in
central cities.
This recomrnendation also t akes into account the dramatic
expansion in service related employr.1ent in the p ublic sector.
4.
The Task Force is i mpressecl by the nl.lra!ber of emplo~ent
opportunities lost to central city residents bocause of their lack of
access to the neh·er centers of employment in t he rnetropolitclll area.
The
HUD finm1ced clefi1onstration in the Watts area 0£ Los Angeles has indicated
the .important relationship between deficient t nmsportation to those sites
and the willingn e ss and ability of area residenrts to accept employment and
training.
1\'e recommend an expans ion in the nlffifiler o f such pro i ec t s in
major metropolitan areas which would include e i tt her n ew mass transit route s
or subsidized f ares .
S.
The Task Force r e comr1cncls a j oint effort hv FUD cinLl the Department
of Labor to negotiat e t he national model a,fTr eC'TTTmt for emo loyment ,vith
the building trade unions which would permit I aryge scal e slum r ebuilding
experiments to make ~r enter us e of s l um l abor .
\We recogn ize that tlti:x the
impl ementation of thi s r ecommendation woul d not :s olve any signi f icant
pr oporti on of the employment prob l em but it woul,d have useful symbol ic
val ue i n the ghettos of cent ral cities .
�4
It is becoming increasingly apparent that integration of economic
classes is a critical factor in educational achievement.
The recommendations
of the Task Force reflect this relationship.
1.
Any
program of Federal aid fnr elementary and secondary school
construction shoul<l offer incentives for f8cilities designed to increase
the integration of students.
For example, "bonus" funds would be
avaihble for educational parks within cities, suburban exhange schools
and for consolidated school districts.
In addition, funds for the
modernization and replacement of older school plants in central cities .
should be offered.
2. To help increase the mobilitv of the ghetto child and to make
possible a variety of new educational jnstitutions, we recommend a nror.ram
of educational subsidies for low-incone children which would be administered
as scholarships for use at any approvecl elementary and secondary educational
institution.
Those funds whid1 did not have the effect of integrating
poor children with affluent children, would be available for compensatory
educational programs in the central cities.
Presumably, some parents may
wish to have the "scholarships" aid in the creati on of new institutions
which might be operated by universities, corporations or neighborhood
groups.
The Task Force reconunends the follm·d ng program(s) to assist returning
servicemen who come from low-incor.1c backgrow1cls.
IDE!~TIFIED AS A GAP)
GJ\P - HOUSI NG RECOl',IT·,If:.i'\lDATION
GAP - OTIIER EDUCATIO;-!AL RECS
(TO BE FILLED IN LJ\TER -
�5
There are a number of recommendations wfo',i ch the Task Force
feels are clearly beyond the capacity of the. l~erican political
system at the present time , either because oE ,their outright
integrating objective or b ecaus e of insti tut-j:.®nal de fects not like ly
to be resolved in the immediate future.
1.
Thes..e include:
A progr am which would operat e much lL ike the GI Bi 11 of
1
. Ri ghts which would pl a c e ent itl ements in the fuands of the poor to
maximize personal choice in sel ecting educa t frn~a l, training and
employment assistance .
The funds could b e us;e.d by the ind ividual
to gain certi f ica tion in r egul ar educational nmst i tutions or f or
trdning on the job with the employer receivf.rJi,g r e imburs ement for
his training cost s .
The great advantage of t:fuis a pproa ch is in
avoiding the s eeming l y endl ess t ang l e of r eferra l s , de l ay s, and
· insens itivity encount er ed in the pre s ent, f r agpent ed system.
2.
A progr am of bonu ses ti ed directly to the degr ee of
int egration a ch i eved in a s chool district, up t o 25% Negr o enro llment.
Such a program wou ld focus very cl early on i ntegrating c~rrent l y
all -whit e suburban districts.
3.
An expanded h ousing subs idy progr am ,;hich wou l d grant or
l oan funds to Negroes for down-payments on hom2 s outside the central
ci t y, et~ .• .• .•..•••••
4.
The dev e lopment of metropolitan-wide institutions which
'Qould be r esponsible for opening housing a nd e:z::.p loyment opportuniti e s
for c entra l city Negroe s.
To facilit a te incre a sed housing for Negroes,
the Federal government might inst itute a revolv ing development fund
which would b e available to the s e institutions ..
e tc •••...
�
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DRAFT:6/2/67
RECOMMENDATIONS
The Task Force recommends a number of specific proposals
designed to offer incentives for the integration of Negroes with
whites, to raise the level of social services to the poor within
the central city or to create a more stable middle-class society
within the city. Naturally there is a great deal of overlap
between the objectives of each of these recommendations. None of
them are pure "integration" or "up-lift" or "civilization" programs.
We have made some judgments on the practicality of each of these
recommendations. They are divided into those which might be possible
under present social circumstances and those which depend on more
fundamental changes in the attitudes of the American people.
Employment is the most meaningful, direct and permanent means
of providing the poor American with an opportunity for full
participation in society. The following recommendations regarding
employment are intended for the short run, say the next five years.
1. The major problem with federally espported manpower programs
is fragmentation between Cabinet agencies and within Departments.
This proliferation of manpower programs, often with a special target
group for each program, only compounds the difficulty of any city or
agency has in designing and implementing a comprehensive and
comprehensible employment and training effort.
The Task Force recommends the consolidation of presently
separated manpower programs into a single comprehensive manpower
grant. This move would allow development of sufficient local
2
manpower programs under the aegis of a single agency to
absorb the important functions of recruitment, selection and processing,
training, placement and follow-up of the poor. A first step would be the .
consolidation of those programs administered by the U.S. Department of
Labor including institutional training, on-the-job training, neighborhood
youth corps, concentrated employment program, and the employment service.
Strong incentives for cooperation with vocational rehabilitation, and OEO
employment operations should be explicit in the legislation,
2. In the absence of significant consolidation nahaven tbe o tans;
the Task Force recommends an exnansion and refocusing of the on-the-iob
training program to vrovide higher subsidies to private industry to under-
take the trainins of the poor. It has become clear that without the
close cooperation and participation of private industry that permanent
and meaningful employment will not result from even excessive employment
and training expenditures. Reimbursement for training cost should be
doubled and perhaps quadrupled and the 26 weeks presently allowed should
be expanded to a full year. OJT should provide for a greater staff for
job development and for counseling and follow-up after placement in a job
training position.
3. OJT is most relevant in the development of conmercial and manu-
facturing jobs for the poor in the area of the central city. In order
to compensate for the decline of these jobs in the city the Task Force
reconmends an expansion in public employment - the Task Force recommends
an expansion in the new careers idea in public employment such as
embodied in the Scheuer amendment to the Economic Opportunity Act.
This program combines the advantages of providing entry level employment
for the poor with meaningful grading in work and professional training.
When operated successfully it serves the goal of enrichment as well as
that of assisting in the creation of a more stable middle class in
central cities. This recommendation also takes into account the dramatic
expansion in service related éuployient in the public sector.
4, The Task Force is impressed by the number of employment
opportunities lost to central city residents because of their lack of
access to the newer centers of employment in the metropolitan area, The
HUD financed demonstration in the Watts area of Los Angeles has indicated
the important relationship between deficient transportation to those sites
and the willingness and ability of area residents to accept employment and
training. We recommend an expansion in the number of such projects in
major metropolitan areas which would include either new mass transit routes
or subsidized fares.
5. The Task Force reconmends a joint effort by HUD and the Department
of Labor to negotiate the national model arrecment for employment with
the building trade unions which would permit Iarse scale slum rebuilding
experiments to make greater use of slum labor. We recognize that this the
implenentation of this reconmendation would not solve any significant
proportion of the employment problem but it would have useful symbolic
value in the ghettos of central cities,
It is becoming increasingly apparent that integration of economic
classes is a critical factor in educational achievement. The recommendations
of the Task Force reflect this relationship.
1, Any program of Federal aid for elementary and secondary school
construction should offer incentives for facilities designed to increase
the integration of students. For example, "bonus" funds would be
avaihble for educational parks within cities, suburban exhange schools -
and for consolidated school districts. In addition, funds for the
modernization and replacement of older school plants in central cities.
should be offered.
2. To help increase the mobility of the ghetto child and to make
possible a variety of new educational institutions, we recommend a program
of educational subsidies for low-income children which would be administered
as scholarships for use at any approved elementary and secondary educational
institution, Those funds which did not have the effect of integrating
“poor children with affluent children, would be available for compensatory
educational programs in the central cities. Presumably, some parents may
wish to have the "scholarships" aid in the creation of new institutions
which might be operated by universities, corporations or neighborhood
groups,
The Task Force recommends the following program(s) to assist returning
servicemen who come from low-income backgrounds, (TO BE FILLED IN LATER -
IDENTIFIED AS A GAP) |
GAP - HOUSING RECOMENDATION
GAP + OTHER EDUCATIONAL RECS
There are a number of recommendations wihich the Task Force
feels are clearly beyond the capacity of the American political
system at the present time, either because of their outright
integrating objective or because of institutional defects not likely
“6 be resolved in the immediate future. These include:
1. A-program which would operate much Like the GI Bill of
.Rights which would place entitlements in the fhands of the poor to
maximize personal choice in selecting educati@nal, training and
employment assistance. The funds could be used by the individual
to gain certification in regular educational finstitutions or for
training on the job with the employer receivimg reimbursement for
his training costs. The great advantage of this approach is in
avoiding the seemingly endless tangle of referrals, delays, and
‘insensitivity encountered in the present, fragmented system.
2. A program of bonuses tied directly to the degree of
integration achieved in a school district, up to 25% Negro enrollment.
Such a program would focus very clearly on integrating currently
all-white suburban districts.
3. An expanded housing subsidy program sshich would grant or
loan funds to Negroes for down-payments on homes outside the central
City, CC. ccrsescceeee
4. The development of metropolitan-wide institutions which
would be responsible for opening housing and employment opportunities
for central city Negroes. To facilitate increased housing for Negroes,
the Federal government might institute a revolving development fund
which would be available to these institutions. etc.ee.ee
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Box 22, Folder 18, Document 29
Box 22
Box 22 Folder 18
Folder topic: Task Force on Cities | 1966
Geopolitical Entity: los angeles
Law: the economic opportunity act
Organization: cabinet
Organization: departments
Organization: federal
Organization: gap
Organization: HUD
Organization: negroes with
Organization: oeo
Organization: the department of labor
Organization: the gi bill of
Organization: the hud
Organization: the task force
Organization: the u.s. department of labor