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I. INTRODUCTION A. The Pr esidential Directive: ··-, A statement of the terms of the Presiclenti3l Directi~e setting forth the four basic instructions su9plemented by the Presiden~'s ,. statement to the Comm:i.ssi.on containing 14 specific questions and several ge0eral questions summarizing the task of the Commission. Background Qf the Report: B. A brief factual sur.i,nary of the events leading .... to the establishment of the Co,mnission incJ.uc1ing \ the 1964-67 wave of disord0rs and a description of the trend in the ntunber and ma gnitude of the disorders. II. SUHMARY OF THE REPORT Ans\-· Jers to the President 1 ~ Ques_tions: A. Surm.1ary of the answers to certain of the qu.e stie:us set forth in I-A (indicating questions to be answered in th e fi.nal report). B. Recou:nended Actio n s: Summary of recorn.-nendations concerning a ctions to be . tak en to reduce the exten t and sever ity o f civil disord e r s and to affe ct the und e rlying conditi6 n s which g e n era te them. G • �2 C. Rea scns for the Interim Rcnort: · - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - -- - - - _ _ _1
A statement of the reasons fo1..· the Com,nission ' s
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decision to publish its interim report at
this time, qn exp1.anation of the Report's
limited scop e , ~ncl a ·preview of its relatj_onship to the final report.
III. Hllt\T HAPPENED AND Hrn,7 IT HAPPENED: WHAT DID HE LEAR.J.\J?
A.
The Comnosite
'- - - - - Profile:
·- A narrative account of the prototype, full-bloi-ln riot, indicat ing e~ch major staie . This narrative would be b ased upon information from the field investi ga tions. At each sta ge !. . (__/' .... of the "a ction" the .n arr ative would ind i c a t e those kinds of incidents ·w hich ended at that stage and those which proceeded to other sta 3es. Emphasis would b e placed on the differing roles of various groups (you th , loot ers , agitators , etc.) at d~ffering sta ges . B. The _Anal vti c ·Pi'cture : A mo re detailed ana lysis of the riots in terms of -1. Type of communi ties (demo graphic and other stat istica l characteri ~tics) whi ch experienced riots as c ompared with those which did not. \ '-- _J fl • �3 2. ' Type of pre-riot climates. a. Le~els of grieva nce and tension and the~r causes, including_ recent racial prpb~~ms and incidents . . . b. Intei-city influences (e.g. outside a·gi ta tors) .
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c. Nature of ghetto leadership.
3.
Types of disorders and their severity.
a. Triggering incidents.
b. Degrees of intensity ~nd dur ~ tion in
specific disorders.
c. Patterns of violence and looting as
related to the intensity of the disorders.
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d. Propagation and intensification patterns
within the city (role of rumor, media, etc.)
4.
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Type of riot e rs.
a. Socio--economic, . organizational and
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previo 1J.s arrest background.
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b. Types of ·participation -- specific · role
(looters, snipers, etc.) and intensity
of participation in each ro].e.
c. Location of -rioters·-- the relationship
between the point of arrest and residence.
d. Deg ree of organization.
5.
Patterns of prop ag ation among cities.
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a.
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Build-up of t e n~ion thou ghout the summer.
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b.
Geo o1·anhJ°C ~1p1·e a di· ~_g ·.
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the cluster
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effect.
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The role of media.
Types· ?f police and Natio~al Guard response.
a.
Nature of police response at each
stage of developing violence.
b.
Effectiveness of these responses.
c.
Specific patterns regarding deployment
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of forces, communications, severity
of force used, etc.
7.
Interaction among government agencies \vi thin
and outside municipal government.
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a.
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Involvement of the mayor an~ other
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local non-police officials (including
fire department , human relations
corrnnissions, and poverty officials.)
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b.
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Involvement of state and general agencies.
Other responses during the di~orders.
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a.
Negro leadership and organizations.
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Hhite community leadership and organiza-
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tions.
9.
Types and e x tent of injury and dama3e.
a.
Individua ls kill~d or injured.
b.
Property dama ge .
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Patterns of property
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damage i.e.,
random.
ii: ,Hagni tucle of property damage .
iii.Qqners of damaged property .
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C.
The Attitudinal Picture:
A survey and evalua tioi·.· of the various studies
of Negro and white attitudes which have been
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undertaken since Watts.
With specific reference to civil disorders.
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a.
UCLA.. study of Hatts ·
b.
Spiegel's study of six comnmnities
c.
Harper's studies of the white reaction
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d.
the Rochester riots
McCor<l's study of Watts, San Francisco
and Houston
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Masotti's study of Cleveland
g.
Kaplan and Lafayette Clinic's study
With reference to Negro and white attitudes
2.
on the general subj e ct of interracial
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Milbrath's study of Buffalo
of Detroit
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probl ems (e. g. , Lou Harris Newsweek polls)
IV.
THE HISTORICAL PERSPECT I VE
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A.
Viol ence in America
B.
The Roots o f Negro Alienation
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THE APPARENT CAUS ES OF GRI EVAHCE, TE0:S ION Al\D DISORDER
A.
C~us e~_'!_ith Hi gh Visibilit)~:
1.
Police-community relations and hostility
towarcl ·authority .
2.
BJ.nck Pm1c.r ideology and ap~)eals to violence.
3.
Rising expectations a nd frustrations and
dec~easing apprehen~ ions.
4.
Lack of other means for expression of
social and economic frustrations .
B.
Un<ledY._i.E._g cau_s es :
1.
Decline in the streng th of traditional
institutions of social cont rol (family~
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school , church, etc.).
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2.
Decline in the leg itimacy of authority in
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relation to matters involving issues of
social justice .
3.
Social patholo gy of the ghettos.
a.
Confinement ( racial compou nd )
b.
La ck pf emp loymen t and income
c.
Low qua lity o f basic s ervic es and
f aci lities
d.
F eelings of power lessness a nd l ack of
· stake in the soc iety
e.
vr.
High rates of crime and viol e nc e
RECOM}1ENDATIONS REL.A.TING TO THE C0;-1?-H.JNITY ' 1S CAPABILITY
.TO MAINTAIN LAW AND ORDER.
A.
Recommendations Re~ating to the Reduction of
Grievances and Tensions Which Lead to Civil
Disorders:
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Pa,c; e
6a
(To be in s e rt e d
b etw t;;_s_•._6_& 7)
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The role of city government with respect ·to
ghetto areas.
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B.
a.
Mayor and Council
b.
Local agencies (other than police)
c. ·
Police
2.
Role of the community at large.
3.
Role of the minority community.
Recommend a tions relating to the control of disorder and
mass violence.
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Cl
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1.
Response of the c ity gov e rnment and police
a.
Strategi c in te lligence (knm-ling ·wha t
to exp ect ).
b.
Tactica l intelligence (knm·ling ,:-,hat
is. happ en ing ) .
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c.
Decision making (controlling the respons e ) .
d.
Commun ication (f:~ghting rumors ·1:-iith
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facts j_n riot areas and in the community
at large ).
e.
Negotiation (contacting participant
~group leadership).
2.
Police, fire and military operations
a.
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Preparation (planning and training
and emergency logistics).
b.
Integra tion of comman d (centralized
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control of operations).
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c.
_Tactical commun ication (maximizing the
effectivenes s of the r e sponse).
d.
How to mount effective tactic a l operations
and control the de gre e of force
(protecting a gainst escalation by
accident).
3 . · Administration of justice
a.
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Identification and recordation.
Detent i on .
c.
Arraignment.
d.
Bail.
e.
Counsel.
f.
Speedy trial:
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VII.
SOCIAL AND ECOtWMIC ACTI ON PROGR.A.M.S
A.
~~h a t Are 1-I e Doing__Jjm~
1. De~cription of major program groups
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in terms of type, scope, objectives
and success.
2. Analysis of the system in te:cms of
B.
a.
Delivery of services.
b.
Eff~ctiveness.
c.
Relationship to civil disorder.
What We Can Do ·I mmediatelv:
1.
Principles (visibility, cost,
administration, structure, etc.)
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Existing program reforms.
3.
New progr.:1m directions.
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How to do it in terms of funding.
a.
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Redirection of existing federal
pro gr am com.m i t men ts .
b,
Increa sed effici~ncy of federal arid
lo~al ·programs.
c.
Private ~~cior participation.
d.
Additional joint federal-state-local
funding.
VIII.
RECOl':lH ENDATIONS WITH RESPECT TO HEDIA PROBLEMS.
.IX.
RECOMMENDATIONS
WITH RESPE CT TO I NSURl\NCE PROBLEMS .
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