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r/ · - -· ·----- - ., I I HARV ARD UNIV ERSITY Augu s t 1, 19 6 7 THE POLICE CHALLENGES AND CHANGES IN AT LANT A by H. T. J enkins I, II II Sinc e the beginning of modern day local gove rnment, as we know it, th e polic e powe r ha s be en the v e hicl e that e nforces the w i shes of local officials. The p olic e powe r i s a t w o ~e dge sword and when it is misuse d , it c ause s local governments to fail to furnish th e service th at it wa s d es i gne d t o furnish a ll o f its citi zens. I O riginally p olic e services we r e furnish ed b y volunteers and local citize ns und e r th e supe rvi s io n of a J u s tic e of th e P eace. This was known as th e "hue and cry 11 systerr1 th a t d epend e d u pon th e fr i ends and re l atives of t he v i ctims of crime, to apprehend and p rosecut e th e perp e trators. ' �- 2 "" In 1829 Sir Robert Peal e org anized the Metropolitan London Police D e p artment and l a id the foundation on what is based all metropolitan police systern.s of the free w orld today. ( This was the first tin.1. e that a local govermnent en1.ploye d a full tiine uniform polic e forc e and accepte d all of the responsibility to pre vent cri1ne and to arrest and prosecute all law violators. Thi s system provide d · for a division of uniform officers, or constab l es as th ey were call e d at that ti1ne, to patrol and to furnish a day watch and a night watch , also a plain cloth e s or detective division; The duti es and responsibilities of th e police has ch a n ge d very littl e sinc e th a t time and are d e signed t o maint a in th e p eace and good ord e r, to pr eve n t c rime , to prot e ct l ife and prop e rty, to . enfo r c e th e l aw and t o g u ar antee the £re e do1n of th e indi v idua l. �- 3 u The A1ne rican cop that you see working his b eat today 3 gets his nickname from the abbreviationof "Constable of Police ' 'c This system has be e n ch ange d and expande d continuously by adding specialized s e ction s , such as police training, traffic control, fing erpr i nting , crime l ab or ator ies, community relations , cri1ne comn,issions and n,any othe rs. The great est deterent to crime and the 1nost effective crime p revention program re1nains the Night Watch and the Day Watch by qualifie d unifor m police officers. The mos t important funct i o n of a police d epar tment to successfully 1ne e t chang ing condition s tod a y 3 are polic e r e cruihn e nt a nd police trainingc The odor e Roo s e v e lt r e c o g ni z e d thi s rn 1895 w h e n h e was Police Corrun i ss ion e r of N ew Yor k City a nd o rgani z e d the fi rs t polic e a c ade m y, o r the fi r s t p olic e t rai ning p rogram for a l ocal c it y poli ce d e part m e nt. \ �i - 4 - The police d e partn1ent that has b een mo s t succ e ssful in.me eting the challeng e of today, ar e those d e parhne nts that have the ~best tr a ining progran 1, and a r c best pr e pared to meet

( I changing conditions from. day to dayo The Atlanta Polic e Departme nt h a s not b ee n up to full authoriz e d strength for many years, for th e siinple reason that a young r:nan, who 1s qualifie d to m eet the high standards of the police d e p a rhne nt i s not willing to subj e ct him s e lf to th e dan ge rs and th e h azar d s of th e job, or subj e cting hi1-nse lf and hi s family constantly to i nv es tig a tion s, ridicul e and critici sm. H e c an ear n a b e tt e r liv i ng fo r h e and hi s f a1-nily a n d e njoy a b ett e r a n d mor e pl e a sant life by follo w ing some othe r v o c ation. ( To fill t h e s e v a c a n c i es an d t o p rovi d e th e n e cessary cov e r ag e a n d p a t ro l , th e Atl a nt a Poli c e D e p a rt me nt h as a dopt e d one - m a n p a tr o l ca r s • ~.. . I �- - - - --------- ---------- - ----------·- -·- -·-- - 5 - This is a highly controvers i a l subject and has brought great criticisrn to th e chie f of policeo This is a subject th at is quit e oft e n n1isunder stood and often e1notio.n ally i f I contro lled. I 1° I I When a polic e offic er is injured or killed in line of duty, it gets lots of publicity and there are those who sincerely beli e ve th e I II i I I incident would have been prevented by t wo ~man patrol I~ cars, but the facts do not support this belief 0 We adopt e d th e on e- m a n patrol cars for th e follo w ing reasons: lo The records , both loc a lly and nationally, w ill show that mor e polic e I o ffic e r s ar e kill e d in t w o - n1. a n p a trol cars than i n one - m an patrol car s . 2. A 1na j ority of the call s an swere d by th e polic e , d o not r e quir e any action by th e p o lic e , only r e qui re counc ili ng a n d g i ving o f adv ice. �----- ---~------- - - ------- -------- - - -- - -------- - - ----- -------- ·- - -- ·- - - - - 6 3. N When a police offic e r needs to call for assistance, he has twice the numb er of u n it s to call on, and h e can get n1.ore help quic ker th a n h e could otherwise. 4. It is good sound polic e 1na.nage1nent that requires an officer to do his f. o wn thinking, to use his iniative and imagination, and to d evelop a hi g h e r d egree of performance 5. 0 For the Atlanta Polic e D e parhnent to arbitrarily adopt the h v o-m an patrol, would cause the nUJnb e r of patrol unit s and th e police service to b e cut ·. 1 h a lf, or it v-rnuld require a ll police p e r sonne 1 to w ork seven d ays p er week, in stead of five days. To ove rcome t hes e and other handicaps, the city i s c on stantly striving t o inc r ea se pol ic e com p e n s a tion and fring e b e n e fit s , ( . which 1nak e p o lice s e rvic e s extr e m e ly e x p e n s ive fo r the t axp a y e r . �- 7 - This requires complete coope ration and understanding behveen the business c01n1nunity and the city officials. The needs and increased demands for additional city services has confronted I. i our city with a l a rg e financial proble1n 0 This is cornplicate d by the r e fusal of the state government to allow the city to broade n its t a x bas e . Th e main source of income for the city is from ad valore1n taxe s. It i s b e lieve d by mos t t a x exp e rts that r e a l est a t e a nd p e r s o n al propert y is alr e ady b e ing tax e d to its li1n it. A r ecent s u rve y by th e N a tion a l L e agu e of Cit i es p re dict e d that Ame r ic a n citie s w ill e x p e rie 1}ce a r e v e nue d e fici enc y of 262 billion doll a r s i n t h e n e x t t e n y ear s . C r i m e agai ns t p rope rty and c r i m e a g ain s t th e p e rs on continu e s to i ncr ease y ear by y e ar ~ w hi l e the p rot e c ti o n of l i fe and p r o pert y b e co1ne s m o r e complicate d a n d e x p e n s i v e . �·------- ··- ------------- -··--· - ··

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-~--- -I ·- - - - - - 8 - There is no corrunon cause for crime , the refore there is no con~mon cure, but a con1bination of 1nany things. The records will show that n~ost crim.e s are com1nitte d by repeaters, ( persons who hav e already been tried and convicted of a similar crime. They have escap e d or they are out on bond, or the y are on probation or parole. I had an opportunity r e c e ntly to t e sti fy befor e a Cbngr e ssional Committe e that was holdin g h earing s on "The Safe Str eet and Crime Control Act. The City of Atl ant a support e d this act 100%, but I we nt eve n furth e r 0 I look e d for w a rd to th e d a y w h e n the U. S. Ju s tic e D e partme nt and th e U. S. Cong r e s s w ill say to eve ry city polic e d e p ar t m e n t , r egardl e ss of i ts si z e - �I If your departnlent meets all the p r ofessional standards in police recruibne nt~ police pay, poli~e tr a ining, and polic e supervision, the F ederal Governnlent w ill contribute a p e rcentag e of your annual budget .. - it should b e about 50%. The . greatest obj e ctions to this is the fear of c entral or fed eral control. I was aske d reeently in Washington if I was adv ocating a national police forc e. Well, I am not a d vocating a national police forc e, but th e thought of it do es not fri ghten me any 1nore. I Th e Atlanta Polic e D e partment devot e s most of its tim e and effort in enfor cing state and fed e ral l a w s, rathe r than city ordina nc e s. I To enfor ce f e d e ral l aws , it i s n e c e s sary to a cc e pt a cert a i n a m ou nt of fed er al co nt r ol and to foll ow f e d er al pro ce du res. �( - 10 - We have no choic e in these rn.att e rs now , and personally. I have no obj e ction s o Th e time h a s come wh e n th e b es t e ffort s and r esourc e s of the fed e ral, state a nd loc a l go ve rnrn.e nt a r e required to m eet th e high cost of law enforc e ment and to che c k and r everse th e tr e nd of i n crea s ing crime that we have b ee n exp er i e ncing 111 r e c e nt y ea r s . W e r e ad and h ear a l o t of c ritic i s rn dir e c t e d t o th e courts, esp e ci a lly to the U. S . Sup r e rn.e Cour t. I am not o n e of tho s e w ho join in this critici sm.• P e r son a lly I h a v e no criticism of th e c our t s o r any of th e ir d ec i s i ons , . ( I fo r t h e s i m pl e rea so n th a t t he ob j e c tive s and t h e ultimat e go a l s of the c ourt s, and th e p o lic e , a re id e n tical -- which i s - �-. 11 - To rn.aintain the peace and good .order _ .., To preve nt crime - - To protect life a nd prope rty -(_ To enforc e the l aw-- And, to guarante e the fr e edom. of th e individual. Thi s w e c a n a ll agre e on. The n, the only dis ag r ee 1ne nt b e t wee n th e c ourts and the polic e are - - h ow w e ac h i eve these go a l s. Wh e n th e c ourt s and the polic e di sagree , t his i s a n indicati on to m e , t hat the polic e ar e i n e rror and m u s t change the ir actions ac cor d i n g ly. ( I t i s not, however , p o ss ibl e t o fur n i sh 100 % se c u rity and 10 0 % fr ee d om t o a ll c iti zens of t hi s n a tio n a t th e same time . Judge Thurgood M ar shall r ecently r e pli ed to a 1 questi on fro1n S e nat or J oh n 'McC l e llan t hat t h e c r i n 1e rate i n t his nation was cr i tical , �( - 12 - but it 1nust b e fought within the fr a m ework of the Constitution, and it 1nust not b e reduc e d at the exp ense of the freedo1n of the individual 0 It app ears to 1ne that the courts in s01ne ca ses might have given fre edo1n of the i n dividual regardless of hi s conduct, top p ri o r ity over all oth er rights and considerations. I would r es pectfully sugg e st th at we might t ake another l ook at this proposition. The cas e s that are most frequently di scusse d are - The Mallory case The Escobedo cas e The Mapp case and, th e Mir a nda case. There h ave b een many documents and articles wr itte n on these cas es '-- - - - - - - - c ~- - and a gre at many s p ee c h es made , both pro and con, but fri e fly this is w h a t h appene d i n these cases. �l r I - 13 - MALLORY VERSUS UNITED STATES Mallory w as arrested in Washington, D. C. on April 7, 1954. He was detained i n Washington jail and charg e d w ith rape 0 Afte r consid e rabl e ques tioning , h e adrnitted the charg e. H e was l ate r tried and convicte do In 1957, the U. S. Supreme Court r eversed the conv iction and state d that 11 11 A suspect must be taken b e fore a Magistrate w ithout An y unn e ces sary d e lay w ill i nvalidate a confession obtained from the accu se d p er son p r ior to his appE;a r ance b e for e a Magistrate. 11 ESCOBEDO VERSUS ILLINOIS Escob e do was arreste d in Chic ago, Illinois, on J anuary 19, 1960, and wa s charged with rnurder . �. ~ 14 - He asked for an attorney and his attorney asked to see him. Both were denied 0 I I I ~ Later h e co11£e ss e d and was trie d and convicte d. In 1964, the U. S. Supr eme Court r eversed the conviction and state d 11 A p e rson has a right to an attorney and the right to rema in silent. 11 MAPP VERSUS OHIO Mr s . :tvfapp was arres t e d in Cleveland, Ohio, on M a y 23, 1957, after officers forc e d th e i r way into h er home without a _. warrant, and found obscene mater ial. The officers d enied h er attorne y entry during the search, nor would they p e rmit Mrs. Mapp to see him. She was l ater tried and c onvicted. �1 - 15 - I n 1961, the U. S. Supr eme Court rever se d th e conviction and stated that evidence c anno t b e used u 1 any court if collecte d in a search a nd se i zure that is unr eas onable or ill egaL MIRANDA VERSUS ARIZONA Miranda was arrested i n Phoeni x , Arizona, on March 3, 1963. He wa s d e tain e d in th e Phoeni x j a il and charge d w ith k idnappin g and rap e . After co ns id erab l e qu e stioning , h e ad1nitte d the ch arge. H e was t r i e d and convicted. In 19 66, the U. S. Suprern.e Cou rt r eversed the conviction on th e gr ou nds that h e was not advis e d of his right to counse l, and the right to remain silent. I c anno t agree that th ese cases have l egally hand icapp ed th e polic e i n any way . But, I b e l ie ve we can agr ee th a t t he ch ange s that th e se ca ses required · in police pro ce dur e ha s mad e polic e w ork more comp li cat ed and much mor e exp e nsive, b e c ause they put s evere r es t rictions on cust odial in te r rogation. �- 16 - To cornpletely inv e sti gat e a cas e and d etermine all of the facts prior to th e arrest of the su s p e ct, requires n1ore investigators and a gr eat d eal 1nore ti1ne and effort, but this is legal and n e c essary to protect the rights of the individua l, and in th e s e ca ses the p er p e tr ator is the individual. Th e ques tion th at dis t urb s 1ne , and ha s not been answered up to this point, is, 11 w h at a bout the rights of the v icti1n? 11 They a l so a r e entitle d to protection u nd e r the l aw. It i s very ea s y t o forget a victi1n aft e r the first 11 spl ash 11 of publicity, an d after the p e rp e trator h a s been i dentified and t aken i nto cu stody. All of these ar e routin e police pr obl e ms that address the1nselves to good police n1 an a ge1ne nt. �/ - 17 - The greatest challenge that has fac e d a c i ty or a police dep a rtment esp eci ally in th e S outh, h as b een th e socia l and r a cial .. r evolution th at we h ave expe rienc e d in the l ast t wenty y ears • •••• where custo1n and t radition versus the l aw, and i n most c as es w her e the fed e ral law and the state l aw were 1n conflict or contradicte d each othe r. For many y ears th e American Negro was segregate d and di s criminated agains t b e c a u se of th e color o f h is skin, and kept i n a po s i _tion of second a ry c itize ns hip . S eg r egation was neve r d es i g n e d t o s e p a r a t e the rac es , but to k ee p the N egr o in his infe r i or pl ac e . It was wr itte n i n t h e l aw , and it w as th e l aw. During th ese y ears th e p r i ncip l e fu nc tio n of t he police was t o k ee p the N egro i n h is pl ace. �- - - --- -- - - - --- - - - - ·

· - --- - - 18 - Th e Presid ent of the Unite d St a t es, the Mayor of the City of Atl anta, Ralph McGill, Editor of the Atlanta Constitution, and many oth e rs saicl this was w rong and 1nust be chan ged. Th e U. S. Sup rerr1e Court h e ld in m a ny ca ses that this \vas uncon stitutional and th e Am e rican N e gro was entitle d to all the rights and privile ges th a t goes with first cl ass citizenship. In 19 4 5 th e court s gave the N eg ro es the b a llo t. Thi s was th e first ti1ne that th e Arner ican N e gro could a ctua lly p articip ate in th e 1nanage1n e nt of his government . I n 1954 th e cou rts h e ld s eg r egat e d schools t o b e unl awful and u nc o nstituti onal. P erhap s these t wo d e c isi ons effecte d more p e op l e, brou g ht ibout a greater ch ange i n attitude , habits , customs and action, than any other d e c i s i ons. ' I I f B e t wee n th e y ears of 19 5 8 a nd 19 63 the City of Atl ant a rece i ve d c our t I · ord e rs t o d esegre gate _ .,, �19 ~ bus es golf courses scho o ls air t e r n1.i na ls s w i1nn1.ing p o ol s and o t h er public f a ciliti e s Th e Ciiy of Atl ant a n e ver h e s itat e d or d iscontinued a ny p ubli c f ac ility in an effort to avoid t h ese c h a nges. Fo rmer Mayor Willi a1n B. Hartsfie ld a nd Mayor I v an A ll en, J r. p rovi ded superior l eadershi p w i th fin e cooper a t i on and assi stance fro 1n both th e w hit e com1nunity l eaders and the Negro co1n1nunity l eaders. All of th ese changes were accomp li shed w i th a mini mum of di sturbances. The Ciiy of Atlanta began e1np l oying Negro p olice i n 1948 and today 14% of our tot a l personi1e l i s N egro. �\ .. 20 = During th e des eg r e g a tion of public faciliti e s~ public officials were und e r great pr e s s ure to d ese greg 2.tc p r i vate prope rty and private facilities, o ve r which the y had no control. On e of th e n,o s t e ffe ctive civ il rig hts or gani zations i n th e s e activitie s was the Stud e nt Non=vio l ent Coordinating Connnittee know n as S N CC. O r i gin a lly SNCC w a s co1nposed of r es p ect a ble and d ecen t l aw abiding stud e n t s fr o1n the u n i versiti es , tha t was committe d to and pr ac tice d non~ vi o l ence . W e enj oye d f i ne con,n,unications and coop erat i on fro1n t hem. The y we r e just agai nst se gr egati on, othe r wise the y were go od l aw ab iding citizens . By 1964 SNCC had fall en int o the h and s of i rresponsib l e l eaders , and t heir fo llowers includ e d crimin a l s of a ll k i nd. �-- - - ----- - - - - - .• 21 -~ Aft e r our experience w ith SNCC i s and around son1.e Atlanta restaurants I I I I I in 196 4, I 1nade the st a ten1.ent: that SNCC had b e con1.e a Non-student Violent C01nrni1..-te e and time has proven i! i I th a t s t atement to b e true. ! I Th e U. S. Congr ess h a d been extre1ne ly slow in accepting changes and in h e lping th e col.uts and th e cities ,v ith th e ir probl en1s . But the U. S . Con gress gave the Civil Rights Move1nent its greate st I as s ist ance I- 111 adopting the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and 1965. Th ese Acts in my opinion, s a ti sfy a ll th e l egiti1nate complaints of th e Civil Rights Moveme nt in th e fie ld of publfo accomod a t ions and voting rights. Th ere w e r e 1na11y oth e r things th at n e e d e d att e ntion, li ke ern.ployme nt, housin g , r e c re ation and l a w enforc e ment. And, again th e City of A tl a nt a n eve r h e sitate d. \ �- --··- -- - --- ·------- - ----- ·-----··--·--- - -··--- - - ---· --- ~ - - - - - --- ---· 22 - They 1noved r ight into these activities w ith all the vigor and resourc es avail a b l eo I n 1965 Mayor I van A lle n, Jro a ppointe d th e Atlanta C o1n1ni ssion on C r irn e and Juve nile Delinqu e ncy. U. So Judg e Griffin B e ll was appointed Chairrnan~ a l ong w ith 26 othe r very distingui shed and able citize ns. Jud ge Bell appoint ed a ve ry ab l e attorney,· Fr an cis Shack l ef ord, a ,l. general counse l, and eig ht other young attorn e ys, to act as staff for th e Con1.m.ission. Judge Be ll th e n di v ided th e C om1nission into six sub-~co1nmittees - Juveni l e D e l inque'.ncy Rehab ilit ati on Crirne and H e a lth C r i m e and Pove rty Law and Ord er Org anized C r imea �--------- --- T he co1T11-r1ittee 1ne n1.b e r s were s e l e ct e d and a p pointe d on the b asis of t h e ir inte r est and a bilit i e s i n the i r spe cia li ze d field. Th e C on.1.miss i.on 1nad e an i n - d epth study of a ll the c aus e s and c ur e s of c r i n.1.e rn Atl anta. Jud ge B e ll h e l d w eek l y n 1.eetings w i t h the Corn.1n i ss i o n and pr e p a r e d the i r r e p ort u nder the Titl e o f 11 0 p p ortunity for U rb an E xce llence 11 • An1.ong oth e r things t h e C on1.1ni ssion fou nd tha t c rin1.e and pove rty were t w i ns that c ould not b e s e p a rate <l. On e coul d not b e i1nprove d without i n1.proving both.; They r e c om.mended t hat the Atl ant a Po l ic e D e p artment emp l oy police- c on1.munity counse llo rs t o w ork i n high poverty and high cri1ne comn1.unities , to h e lp i 1nprove l iving conditions and t o al s o i m prove t h e polic e i.1nage . �-- ____ - 2 4 ~- This was a c 01npl ete l y new appro a ch to crin.1.e pr e v ention and l aw e n.f orce1ne nto In the p as t th e polic e h ave rn.a de eve ry effort to keep the l ine b etween soc ial welfare s e rvice and police service separated. But, und er thes e reco1n1ne nd a tions ~ th e servic e s would b e com b ine d and put additional duties a n d r esponsibilities on the pol ice The r e we r e t w o cou rses we cou ld h ave followe d at tha t p oint : 1. To acc e pt th e cb ange imme dia t e l y and ac ti v ate the p rogram ,,;,,ith pr e sent employees and e qu iprn ent , or 2o To opp ose t he c h ange with d e l a y e d t actics a nd wait fo r a d d itional app r op r i a ti ons a nd p ers o nne l b e f ore t ak i n& a n y acti on B e c a u se of the great a d rn.ir ati o n a nd res p ect tha t we h a d for th e a bility and integ rity of t he Cri1ne Connni ss i on, we acc e pte d tbe recomm endations i mmecliate l y I was p e rsona lly prep a red to yie ld to the ir j udgment \ 0 0 0 0 _.... -- ·--.,,_ �-·--- -----

- 25 - We r e cog ni ze d tha t the r e w as a n e ed for s uch se rvices b e caus e w h e n a soci a l w ork e r w as c onfront e d w ith ho s tility a nd r e si s t anc e , th ey shnp ly b acke r!_ off and call e d th e polic e for ass i s t a nc e. W e al s o r e co gni ze d th a t to pro vide thi s se r v ic e th a t th e polic e must b e esp e ci a lly s e l ec t e d and train e d to w e a r t w o h a t s. Fi rs t to ac t an d serve as a so c i a l wo r ker - ~ And, second, wh e n condi t i ons requi re it, to arres t an d p r os ecute law viol ators. I n J anuary, 1966, we o rgan i ze d a C r i1ne P reventio n Bureau a s p ar t of t he D e t ecti v e D ivis ion and d e t a ile d sixt e e n p o lice p ers o nne l, t hat include d both Negro and w h i t e u nifor 1n o ffi ce r s and d e t ec t ives. \ �~ - - - - -- - - - ~-- - - - - 26 - These officers we re assigned to Econ omic Opportunity Cente rs in p ove rty comrnunities w ith sp ecial in struction s to act as guides and coun sello rs in getting jobs, in getting drop - out s back in school, and furn ishing other welfare servic es. To act as advisors on go od citizenship and to n1ake fri en ds and suppo:rters fo r the police d epartment. V ehicles u sed by the Crin-ie Preventi on officers h ad sp ec i a l equipn-ient, such as loud speakers , record players and spr i nkl e r h eads. Th e y could clo se a street to vehic ular t raffic and hold street rneetings w ith some entertain1nent, or if it v1as a hot sunny afternoon, they coul d hook up th e sprinkler h eads to a fire plug, anal turn on a showe r. On Many occas ions th ey have had a ll the childr e n from a hou s ing project playing u nde r the sprinkl e r i n one bl ock. �----- -·--- ------ ------- -- -- - - --

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- 27 - Th e Cri1ne pr eventi on o ffi ce1·s h andl e a ll o f t he f ollowi ng co1npl aints i n th e ir di s t r ict - M a liciou s r n i schi ef P etty l ar c eny M is sing p er sons Stole n bic ycle s and, a ll j u venile c ases . Their j ob i s to find a so lutio n to these problems without n:1a king an arres t i f poss i b l e . We h a ve tri e d to adopt a p age from. the Juvenile Court's m a nual by n1aking thi s a correctional o rganiz a t io n, r a ther th~n a punitive o ne. T h e Crime Pr eve ntion offic ers h a v e earne d the r es p e ct of mo s t of the p e opl e ( living i n the i r dist r ict. They have a l so earne d the r es p ect of other n1.e1nbers of the d epartn1. eni: W e h ave som e reques t s from othe r xnemb ers of th e d e p artment to be t ransferred to the Crin1..e p . revenhon Bureau. 0 �-~ ... 28 - The p a tr o l officers are qui ck to c a ll the bureau fo r assistance w h e n they se e p rob l en1.s d eve loping . v\T e b e lieve th a t we a re 11.1.o v i ng i n t]1 e right dir e ction. In Vle expect to see th e bu reau grow and expand, and certainly that w ill b e expensive. We now h ave 29 p o lic e p e rsonn e l ass i gne d t o th e bur eau, which includ e s a c aptain and thr ee li e ut e n ants . Th e C rime Pr evention Bur eau officers n1.us t always wear t wo h ats, and w h en th e y find a group that ca1m.ot b e p ers uaded with the ir h e lp and couns e lli ng, to ob e y the l aw, th ey must b e arr es t e d and pros ec ut e d. T he hi gh e st value of the l aw i s t he keeping of th e p eace. �- 29 In :tv(a rch of t his y ear we organized a T a sk F or c e of a b out thirty s p e c ially tr a ine d and equipp e d offic ers ~ who c an b e m ove d i nto a ny con,m u nity nn s h o l' t not i c e , t o u se w h a t ever f or c e th a t 1s n e cess aT y t o e nf o r c e th e l aw and maintai n th e pe a c e . W e are c onv i nc e d tha t t h e a c ti on of t h e C r i me Pr eve ntion Bur eau h a s p r evente d the c rin 1e r e cord fron1. r i sing as r a pidly as it n, i g ht h ave. W e a r e a l so convin c e d th at whe n str ee t fighting d o e s occur , th e b ur e au I s action ke p t i t fr orn b e i ng a s s eve re as i t 1n i ght h a ve b e e n othe rwi s e 0 • W e h a ve h a d 1nore th a n our sh a r e o f s t r e e t fighti n g o r riots a s the y a r e s orne ti m e s c a ll e d. On S e p t e 1n b er 6, 1966, t w o d e t e c tiv e s atte mpt e d t o arr e st H aro l d Pr:athe r f or auto l a rc eny a t C a pitol Ave nu e and O rn1.ond Str eet . �-~ 30 ~ Pr ath e r r es i ste d and \Vas s h ot b y the d e t e c tive s . T his caused a l a r ge a nd ang ry cro\v d to g a th e r in the str eet. M a yo r Ivan A lle n , Jr. e lb owed hi s way t o t he c enter of t he cr owd an d did a gr eat j ob i n t a l k ing to a nd qui e ting th e crow d until S NCC arr i ve d on t he s c e ne and in cit e d the c rowd t o start thr owing b ricks and b ottl es. The polic e rnove d i n, in forc e , and c l eared the streets. It was n e ces sary t o call i n off- duty polic e and t o p ut t h e d e par t rne nt on t we l ve hour p er d a y duty. 7 3 p e r s on s were arrest e d; several of w h i ch vvere i ndicted by the G rand J ury fo r inciting t o r iot, in cluding Stokel yI Carrn.ich ae l. O n S e pte 1nber 10, 1966, a w hite 1n otori s t, whi l e driving through a N egro corn1nunity 011 Negro youth. North Boul eva rd, shot and k ille d a �- 31 - A gain a n ang r y rn.ob g ath e r e d i n the s t r eet and agai n Mayor A ll en rnove d r i g ht i nto t11e i r n 1ids t to u r g e p e a c e an d qu i e t . This was a great d en1on strati on of 11 C o1n e and l et u s r e ason t oge t h e r ' 1 • But, t he rnob ,v as i n no n~oo d t o l iste n t o the vo i c e of reason. Th e y o n l y shou t e d thr eat s of i nsult s a nd v i o l e nce , and sta rte d t hrow i ng b rick s a nd fir e b on~b s . T e n sto r e ·w in.do vs we r e b r ok en a nd s everal b u i l dings we r e s e t on fir e 0 But, th e p olic e vve r e t h e r e in fo r c e o Th e fir es were p 1· 01nptly e xti n gu i s h e d a n d th e re was no l ooting" T h e s t re e t s were cle ar e d, a nd 6 5 p e rs o n s w e r e arreste d o n th e fi 1· s t n i g h t , a n d 14 a dult s and 15 j u ve ni l es ar r e ste d o n t h e se cond night. I n r e p o r t ing t h i s t o th e Chi e f 1 s conve n ti on i n P hila d e l phi a l as t O c tob e r , I sugges t e d t h a t p erh a p s t he b est way for t h e p o lice t o h andl e a s i tuati on afte r it r each e d th i s p oint, was fo r t h e p o lic e· · t o a lway s sp e ak v e ry k indl y , �- 32 - walk v e ry slo\vl y, and i.rar1·y a sa-..,ve d off shot gun. Brick s and b ottl e s can b e a d e adly v-1 e a pon and n1u st b e r ecogni z ed as such. I Th e City of Atlant a did not w ait u nt il th e r e was sheet d isturban c e s to .i i1nprove li ving co n ditio n s i n th e low inco rne co1n1-rmniti es 0 Th e Cit y of Atl ant a, i n coop e ration w ith th e Fed e ral Gove rmnent, h as sp e nt n1illions of doll ar s i n th e .l a st fiv e yea1· s to iinprove job o pport u nit i es , hous i n g con ditio ns a nd e duc a tion a l f a ciliti es fo r th e citi z e n s of t hese cornrnu niti es . All c ity d e p ar tm ents , e s p e ci a lly the P l a nnin g a n d I ns p ec ti o n D e p ar t ment th Con s tructi on D e p artme n t - - the S anit ar y D e p a r t m e nt - - ' th e P a r ks D c p a rhn c nt - - a nd a ll oth er d e p ar tine nts h a v e put forth th e ir b e s t e f for t s i n the l as t five y ears , u nd e r t h e p e rs onal d ir e ction of I\1ayo r I van A ll e n, J r 0 , to 1n a ke . life mo re l i ve ab l e fo r th e c i ti zens of hj g h crin1e an d p over ty c on1n1un iti es i n ou r city. \ �- - - - - - - - -- -- - - - - -- - - - - - - - -- - - - -- - -- - - - - 33 - O n Jun e 19th of t h i s y ear , a privat e u n i fo r n1 g u a rd fo r a 1ne rch a n t 1 in D i x i e Hill s, att en1.p te d to arr est a young boy for l a rc e ny . His siste r inte r fe r e d a nd r es i ste d . The polic e "vere c a lle d to a s sist t he gu aT d . A crow d g a th e r e d a11 d s t ar t e d throw i ng bri cks an d bottl e s, a s rnor e p olic e cars a r ri ve d, the y we r e rn e t w ith a shovve1· of brick s . S eve ral p olic e offi ce rs we r e i n ju re d . Ei g ht p olic e c ars were d arn.age d , and f i ve windshi e l ds we r e b :r. oke n i n p oli ce c ars. Th ree per sons we r e i n j ured and one di e d f ro rn gun shot wounds. After t w o n ight s of disturb ances, 3 3 p ers ons weTe arres t e d, i n cluding Sta l e l.y C annic h ae l. Mayo r I v an Alle n, Jr. i ssue d an En1ergency Pro cl arnation th a t p l a c e d a curfew on th e c o1nmunity. But, i t was neve r n ecessar y t o en force it . \ �- 34 - The Com1nuni ty Re l ations Con:uni ssion, Alderrnan Q. V. Willi amson, S enator L e roy J ohnson and other N egro l eade:i;s i I I I I started holding corrnnunity 1ne c tings, giving assurance that every co1nplain t would be i nvestigated and acted upon 0 Dixie Hills i s not s lun.1.so It is a con1.parative l y n e w hou s ing proj ect, w ith good streets, good equip1ne nt and goo~ cp a r tment hou ses occupied by Ii lI n1.iddle c l a s s Negroes. I ! Thr ee w eeks l ate r about 200 r e side nt s a pp e ared b e fo re th e Polic e Co1nm.ittee of th e Alde rmanic Bo~rd at Polic e H e a dqu a rt e rs and d e m a nde d an i1n rne di a t e public h e ar i ng of th e i r g rievanc es a nd com pl a i n t s . Afte r the committ ee h a d compl e t e d its r e gul a r a ge nd a , t h e y v ery p a tie n tly ( and under st and i.n g l y l iste n e d t o eve rythi ng t h e y h ad to s a y, f or about t hr ee h ou rs. �---- -- - -- - -

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- 35 - Their co1n pl a ints agai n s t N egr o polic e offic er s w ere just as strong , or stronge r, th an th e co1npl a i nts again s t th e w hite officers. One witn e ss st a t e d that th e r eal probl e 1n in Dix ie Hills was r es ide nts moving furth er out in the subu r bs and the ir apartn'- e nts b e ing occupie d by f a 1n ili e s fron'- th e slum co1n1nunities . The Corn1nittee as s ur e d th e m th e ir r e ports would b e given e ve ry I consid e ratio n . ! II i' I suggest e d th a t th e y h e lp m e fi n d t wo qu a lifi e d applicants in th e i r co1n1nu n ity I. ' for th e poli ce d e p artment - - and we w o u l d a s s i gn th em t o p atrol th e i r n e i ghborh oo d . O n th e 3 rd of J ul y of t his y ear , a N e·gro m a n wal ke d i n t o a s};tir t s h o p o n B road Stree t , op e r a t ed b y a w hite woman . T h e y got inv olved i n an argu1nent about t he u se of a res t roon'-. T h e m an returned to th e str eet and thr ew a bottl e through th e fro n t p l ate . g l ass w indow. �. - 36 - Again SNCC leade r s wer e pr e s e nt and quite a fe w bottles were throw n, i n su ring s e v e r a l polic e officers • ... Nine persons \x.,e r e a rrest e d, including so1ne of SNCC 1 s l e aders and r organiz e rs. I am r e porting the s e inc ide nts bri e fly, but it is not my i n t e ntion to d e al w ith the 1n lightly , fo r this is a r eal s e rious cha lle n ge . At tim.e s it 1s alrno s t a c ase of life and d e ath. O n J u l y 6th~ Mayor I van A llen~ Jr. s t ate d in very clear and fi rin l anguage the goal s , th e p olicies and the r es ponsibilities o f t he C ity o f A tl a nta an d th e Atla nta P o lic e D e parbnent. I a m . i n com .p l e te agreement with t hat s tat eme n t I rep e at ~nd expand i t. The City of Atlanta w i ll not s low d o w n in providing e qu a l s e r v ic es for a ll c itiz e ns. There are opportunities for dissent and d en.1.on s tration by diss atisfi e d citizens. �I ' - 37 - T he city welcorn.es this, but it must b e within the confines of t he law, and · the re can be no exceptions. The city ,vill not b e i ntirn.ida t e d by th e threat of violenc e , and l a w l e ssness w i ll not b e tole rat e d. The burning and looting of property will not b e tol erated. Ther e will b e no h es itancy whatsoever , to use n e cessary efforts to enforce law and order in a l a w a b.iding cornn.1.unity., The Atlanta Police h ave b een drilled and tr a ine d to avoid w h at has b een t enne d polic e brutality, a n d to provide equal p rotection a nd service for a ll citizens and visitors. The polic e h ave the a uth o rity, unde :i: th e l aw, t o pr ot e ct the mse l v e s w hile I enforcing th e law . '·· �38 - Th e polic e will not b e subj e cte d to b e ing shot at, having bottles and bricks thro\vn a t th e rn, and b e ing s_pit upon, without t aking appro :ipr iate action. The Atlanta Polic e D e p a rtrn e nt h as furni s hed a very fine servic e anµ they h ave op erat e d u n der gr eat restr a int 0 The Atlanta polic e do not pu s h anyon e around, nor will th e y b e pu s h e d around, and will not h esitate to request th e assistanc e of the National Gu ar d if events i ndicate it n e c essar y to prov id e th e protection and services th a t l aw abiding citi zens of our city ha ve every ri g ht to exp e ct. �