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��Dear Ann
We are so grateful "Our Heron
was not injured.
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P. 0 . Drawer 1734
Atlanta 1,
9-10-66
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�THE NEW YORK TIMES INTERNATIONAL EDITION, SATURDAY· SUNDAY, SEPTEMBER 10-11, 1966•
..
ibe Nt\\l f tk,w ~imts.
Pu.blisliecl, 111srz, daiJI in. th, 'JI ear &II The N
·
Yo,rk rimes Compa.n11
.ADQLPR OCHS,Pu'blishe, 1895-1985
ORVIL E, RYFOOS, Publisll,,,.1961•1.968
UTHUR RAYS SULZBERGER
Chairma" of th• Board.
ARTHUR OCHS SULZBERGER
Prericlent and Publilhlr
•
HARDING F. BANCROFT, Ezee14tiv1 Vice President
ANDREW FISHER, Vici Preaidfflt
MONROE GREEN, Vic,Preaidene
IVAN VEIT, Vies President
FRANCIS A, cox,Se01'etaf71•7'r641'1J,fSf'
•
'l'URNER CATLEDGE, Ezecutive Editor
JOHN B, OAXES, Editorial Page Edito1'
•
LESTER MARKEL, Associate Editor
JAMES RESTON, ABSociate Editor
Fi cal Policy at Last
T}je immediate mi.pact of President Johnson's
nevr anti-inflation ry program is mainly psycho·
logical. It should help to calm and reassure the
- nation's financial markets, which have been undergoing convulsiolfS in recent months. During this
time the matke have appeared distressed and disheartened in reacting to the Federal Reserve's
increasingly tight money policy and to the uncertainties po ed by the Administration's failure to
make use of i own fiscal weapoll'S. .
Now Mr. J·ohnson has ended his self-imposed
paralysis. In asking for a temporary suspension of
both the 7 per cent investment tax credit and accelerated depreciation benefits, he is hoping to slow
the boom µi business spending. He also promises to
limit Federal outlays and has asked the Treasury
to cut down on sales of participations in Government assets, which were origlnally designed to
reduce the budget deficit but which have had the
unforlf1ate effect of reinforcing the money
squeez .
,
Th President thinks that these fiscal measures
will erve to curb deman" for credit, enabling the
Fed al Reserve to follow a more moderate mone.ta11' policy, one that does not car.ry the risk of
tig tening credit to the point w.here it could choke
off the expansion in business. To clarify his positi n he has called on the Federal Reserve as well
the nation's commerdal banks to cooperate "to
wer interest rates and to ease the inequitable
urden of tight money."
Now that monetary policy does not have to carry
the whole burden of opposing inflationary pressures, there is a. good chance that the fears that
have plagued the marketplace will subside. Money
may still be tight, but once fiscal policy begins to
play a part, however modest a.nd belated, the
psychological threat of a monetary panic becomes
much less a danger.
But the practical effect of most of the President's program will not be felt until next year.
There is no stopping the current rise in business
· ve tmcnt. Ncr is th.ere an effective brake against
price and wage increases. The dose of inflation that
is now infecting the economy will go unimpeded.
These weakneS&es stem directly from the overly
xpansive fiscal a.nd monetary policies pursued by
Washington long after stimulation was needed.
What has been done c8.JU).ot be undone by the
President's program, But by acting now, Mr. John•
son may help to minimize the damage wrought by
too much reliance ·o n monetary policy and too little
use of fiscal policy.
A Nod to Peking
. Confusion now engulfs the remarks that Chen
Yi made to Japanese members of Parliament on
their visit to Peking, but the United States has
taken the correct course in publicly welcoming the
mild version originally published in Tokyo.
Some of the legislators apparently thought Communist China's Foreign Minister had said his
country was "not necessarily dismissing" the pos•
sibility of talks with the United States about tbe
war in Vietnam. This would indeed represent a
sharp turn in Peking's policy. Instead of denigrating the report, the State Department .was right to
respond promptly and positively t o the r emarks
attributed to the Foreign Minister, a response
echoed by President Johnson at his press con•
ference Thursday. His response underscores Warshington's recognition that mainland China h as a
legitimate stake in resolving the conflict and bringing peace to Southeast Asia.
There is, of course, a more dramatic, mor e constructive, way for the Unit ed S·t ates t o demonstrarte, in the President's words, t ha,t it will use
"every means available" to improve relations with
China and bring that country into responsible
participation in international affairs: Washington
could drop its oppositipn to the a dmissi-on of
Peking to the United Nations, provided a separate
membership were retained for Nationalist China
on Taiwan.
At a time when Peking is steadily alienating
· even the other Communist regimes in Asia a nd
frightening most of its neighbors, the temptation
for Washington to sit tight and bar · t he United
Nations door for one more year will be great.
But a period in which Peking is maintaining its
truculence toward much of the world, while undergoing the internal convulsion of Mao's " cultural
revolution," might be the best time to open the
United Nations door. There must be elements in
China-Foreign Minister Chen could be among
them-who fear China's growing isolation.
A "two-China" solution is certainly favored by
a big majority of United Nations member Govern•
ments, however they fi nally vote in the Assembly.
And this policy would remove from the United
-States the heavy onus of keeping out of the only
functioning peace-keeping organization a Govern•
ment that rules, however badly, more t han a four th
of the human race.
The Riot in Atlanta
An arbificia.lly induced riot involving a few
hundred susceptible Negroes shattered the calm of
an Atlanta afternoon, and it may have shatt ered
much more. There is no way of gauging fully i ts.
effect on a Southern community that had been
deservedly considered a model in race r elations.
Particularly dismaying was the abusive treatment accorded Mayor Ivan Allen J r. when he
rushed to the scene and tried to calm the rioters.
They had been whipped to frenzy, reportedly by
the so-called Student Nonviolent Coordinating
Committee, which espouses the separatist and inflammatory slogan .o f "black power."
Such was the mood of the mob, hastily r ecruited
after a Negro suspected of stealing a car had been
wounded while fleeing from the police, that Mayo·r
Allen was jarred from the top of a police car and
subjected to a barrage of bricks, bottles and verbal
abuse as he courageously stood hi s ground and
tried vainly to restore sanity.
This was an ironic reward for one of the few
Southern officials who supported the Civil Rights
Act of 1964. To the degree that S.N.C.C., in its
new militancy was responsible for this violence, it
hag done a gross disservice to the evolution of
racial harmony and the progress of the Negro in
Atlanta and elsewhere 1n the South.
1
Ollie's Barbecue
By TOM WIOKER
WASHINGTON - "There Is
latitude 11nough In the Constitution t o embrace within ,its fo,,
corners these a dvances."
Senator Eve rett Mc i.-sen, Republlca
he explal e"
support
RIP" .
hlblt dis l"'
or re-,..·
ti,·
�THE NEW YORK T.IMES INTERNATIONAL ~DITIONt FRIDAY, SEPTEMBER
He Says Negro Section Now
Calm-Warn s Outsiders
ATLANTA, S ept. 8 (UPI )::Mayor I van Allen persona lly
·toured the riot-scarred Sum_rnerville Neg ro s ec t ion of
Atlanta today and p·ronounced
it "calm and ,p eaceful" . H e
w arned t hat the ipolice would
s mash any new attempts ,t o
".inflame the people."
Mr. Allen t old a news confer ence following his r eturn from
the ,Summerville section, near
the City Hall a nd s tate Capitol,
t hat he was -g reatful for the
peace efforts of a "summit
leade rship conference" of Neg roes a nd a community "good
neighbor" organiza t ion.
T he Ma yor, who risked being
lllt by flying bottles and rocks
1n a riot in Summerville Tuesday, reiterated that the trouble
was "artificially provoked" by
outsiders on a hot da y.
"Wha t we need now is about
th ree days of cold rai n " Mr.
Allen said.
¥ e again singled out Sto ey
Carmichael, chairma n of
mili tant Student Nonvit
Coord inating Commit tee
much of th e r iot blame.
H e said the p olice would se,
to prevent agitators fr om ente
!Ing the trouble area.
L ... ,.
Associated Press
PEACE FRIENDS ! Atlanta Mayor Ivan Allen s tands atop a police car in an attempt
to disperse Negroes who gathered t o protest a policeman's shooting of a Negro man.
But just moments later a barrage of •r ocks and bott les chased t he Mayor from his perch.
~?
J.P.~ ~
�CLIPPER,
l
l
PA.N A.~EA.ICCA.N :.
l'. ~ (:tr ·,· r:-, · ~ ' --··- ·-··-- Mrs. Ann Moses Mayor's Off ice City Hall ATIANTA, GF.ORGIA U. s. A. ' ..Sv d' ..,• ;i~ �EMORY UNIVERSITY ATLANTA, GEORGIA 30322 DEAN OF EMORY COLLEGE J'U..,v . ~ w.1.-V\. V\lt~ O-V cw {AAA,l(A I J..lvY Th CA/Vl h__ J AM ~ . ~ V ~).. I C~°')"--- ) µyJ MA--'-J [,, <vvJ' {,-.<A r'\.- .~·~ f, (nt-'l . ~~ 71,\ 0-/\ i~'-)- /\N<../v ('..k-\1\J (\, ~ ~ ~ J ---1 j_ °'---1 ~ CC/ (AM i 111 --t..,\ ../V\ . ) l &--v-t c l,L/v\. '- 1 +~ ~ c:_- e ,VL,1 VL ·~ cO - ~ ~Jv.-)4' l ~ / zl;r\;L~ ~h~o->\, ��. ~ a. .-2$,Yv/ j}ffia, -.: .] . /117 #~-i ? /41&- ~ --9/' / 'vu./ -- §/ $d,d'7' or"" f "'"' . ~~&v7XJ:{f;w/~ 7/2dw9~,i; �CHARLES R . YATES 270 PEACHTREE BUILDING ATLANTA . GEORGIA 30303 De_J tli~r, / ? tk 5atvk 1~ w,ft-... fr,J.'- a "')_ Jc dtc ~ a//tec~~ -:t- { vi-.- S IA/4_,n,, /~~( (!LL, hv-..lJ._ '7 c,, /c_,JJ, · �~/0;/~t{, 9~nr~ d- p.ft J ~ ~ ~ ~ ZL,_;L "7 ~ A~~ /'..X~ k _ ~ ~~ ~~7~~ c f u d _ ~ . W.e-~ ~ ~ . ~(R_ 143.215.248.55 - uk~~w~ ~~ tl-£f,_ _7 ~ w~ - ~ ~ ~~ - ~d~ ~~ ,:;_ ~~j-- . . ,143.215.248.55(¼RL~. c9;- ~ '1 U-4/e,,~~ ~~, 7J?M.,i.tf, ~ ���~.;l..S-~ ~<JA..f, ~, 7JF flu~/ <3q_3,7.... k "I �wner ea by that aace. CVC1$ !reagton, - - - - - - - - - - - - Joh annot ment Willia ,stify more on auto R. Continued From Page A-1 of ti ~01;ITT gotten out of hand, Humphrey Safeti umty said. In · later He said in reply to a question appoi amed that polls indicating ,a decline in new popularity of tile Johnson ad- turnir ner~' ministration probably are they " ~~ rn accurate. "Bt on But, he said, polls are so~e- told then thing like the weather in Minne- esse r $5,- sota-"in the fall and in the that , winter, it gets a little cool." ty an oosit "We're not going to be taking overnJ eys' oar political temperature every- "Ml 8.33 time we get a little hick cough dated ,000 or when we don't look too good," begin 1ent he said. the en Speaks to Iowa Farmers Ha~ nst In an earlier speech yesterday Massi 61, at Jefferson, Iowa, Humphrey Techn es said the United States must cal s ,he have an arsenal of food as well invol~ ·eed as military weapons to keep its problE uld place as a world leader. He son spoke at the national plowing ---, ·on matches just outside the West- .._. 11ain Central Iowa town. ~ent "Our position of world leadership requires that we maintain he an arsenal of food and fiber just ts as we maintain an arsenal of ' military weapons. But your ,s\0 government has no intention of · calling upon the American ~- farmer to provide that arsenal ,~n at the sacrifice of fair price and " - a decent income," Humphrey i~ said. HUMPHREY S1 '.; cont,ove,-sy o~ ~~ Me.'..~ In j �TODAY: 2 Full Pages ofArea High School Football Weather Forecast iFt1tn1n District and vicinity-Fair tonight, low near 60. Partly cloudy t,omorrow and a bjt warmer, high in the upper 80s. Chance of rein near zero thrOugh tomorrow. High yesterday, 83, at 3:20 p.m.; low today, 5~ at 6:50 a.m.; high today, 78, 11 a.m. ~ FuH Report on Page A-2 114th Year. No. 253. Copyright © 1966 The Evening Star Newspaper Co.
8
TH SUNDAY MORNING EDITION
WASHINGTON, D. C., SATURDAY, SEPTEMB ER 10, 1966-42 PAG ES
9Men Indicted
In Zoning Bribe
Probe by Jury
Supervisor DeBell,
Ex-Fairfax Officials
Charged in Scheme
By JERRY KLINE
Star Staff Writer
Charges of taking part in a
scheme to bribe Fairfax County
officials in a rezoning matter
have been leveled against a
EVERETT DIRKSEN
HUBERT HUMPHREY
member of the county board,
two former supervisors, a
'IT'S IN HIS HANDS . I
t
former head county planner,
three lawyers and two business• J
men.
• t
Defendants in a five-page
indictment handed down late
yesterday afternoon by a federal
grand jury in Alexandria are:
County Supervisor Stuart T.
ALBUQUERQUE, N.M. (AP )-Vice President Hubert; H.,
DeBell a Democratic member Humphrey says that Senate Republican Leader Everetf M. E
of the 'board since 1952 and the Dirksen of Illinois has a chance to make history in the field of c
chairman in 1959.
civil rights by breathing life back into the stymied bill now t
Former Supervisor Robert C. before the ~nate.
.
.
Cotten Jr. a Republican board . Co_mmenting on a rece~t statement by Dirksen that the rights
member fr~m 1960 to 1963.
b~l iJ.SofdeCoad s o
,as this sedes- Senators Voice Fear Rights Bill M11y •
.
Cl . s1on
ngress ts concern ,
1
F orme~ SuperVIsor_
A.
ai- Humphrey said last night in a
Collapse.
Page A- 17
borne Leigh, a Republican board news conference·
- ,- - - -- - - - -me1;ll-ber ~rom 1956 to 1963 and "Sen. Dirksen· could bring it voter is_ a lh~ro, ·~ecause_he will.
chairman m 1963.
back to life, it's in his hands to take ~ life into !his own 1
_Falls Church attorney Lytt?n breath life into it. If he wants hands.
.
~1~s~n, one of N?rthern ':7rr- the responsibility for its death, The Comn'lumsts are clete:- .
gima s most promment zomng then he will have to live with mined "to smash and crush this •
1
la~e~s.
that responsibility.
coming election," he said.
W11¥am _C. Burrage, ~ead "But !if Sen. Dirksen will ju;st
~
planrung director for Fairfax say the word from his side of
Talks of Social Programs
ii
~ 7 aisle ... we can break ~Y On another matter, Humphrey ;
County from 1958 to 1963.
Nathan_ Wecbsl7r, attorney fi:Iibus_te! ~d pass a good civil said the social programs of the
~d cer~ed. public accountant mghts bfil. .
.
administration keep faith with
with offices m the 1400 ijock of Commenting on bill yesterday the goals of the late President
K S~eet NW.
in Washington, . Dirks~n said "it Kennedy.
t
S1~und ~ld_blatt, an attor- needs a few friends m the Sen- The social programs of the ci
ney with offices m the 2900 block ate t?ec~}15e it has . a lot of Democratic
administration, ~
of Fessenden Street NW. .
enemies.
But he did not re- including the war on poverty di
George and Seymour Fa~g~n, peat his declaraition that the federal aid to education and Ti
brothers who own cleanmg bill is dead
di
h
"d
· t d d t
establishments in Alexandria.
·
me. care, e sai 1 are m en e
Dinner Honors Sen. Anderson to g;i.ve every Amencan a chance F1
In a speech at a $lOO-a..nlat to be a first-class citizen .
Investigation to Continue
.,
In his press conference, i
U. S. Atty. C. Vernon Spratley dinner honoring Sen. Clinton
b
I d d M
I
Jr. said the jury bas not com- Anderson D-N.M. Hump
Hump rey au e
ayor van
pleted its investigation into said illhe 'United Stares will
A en Jr. for his handling of the
·
It ·n
riotous civil rights demonstrarezonmg cases.
Wl
resume "delighted to work with
tions this week in Atlanta, Ga.
Vietnamese government pr
Sept. 19.
Each of the nine defendants duced by itlhe constitution
American Negroes have been '
was charged under the Racke- process that begins with S
"a long suffering, patient peo- or
teering Act of 1961 with conspir- day's elections."
ple" whose cause now i? being trol
ing to use interstate facilities to He cited ithe importance cxf th hurt by a small group which has
carry out "an unlawful activity elecitli:ons and said "every single
See HUMPHREY, Page A-3 abo~
by the bribery of officers of the _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ foldi
state of Virginia" between Jan.
~---~-to ti
mp rey O o·rkse
ave t e R. h s ·1
far:
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3003
HOWELL MILL ROAD, N, \YI,
ATLANTA, GEORGIA 30327
Dear Louise:
My thoughts for you and Ivan during what,I know,
is a deeply trying and frustrating time. We are
all grateful for all that you are doing and
simply renew a spirit of loyalty and affecti on.
�•
EDITOR.IAZ.$ OF
,
....
~
· 1Iltm.9trilf-lintd
- fie.Jtlfn
.
,,.,
Greerrville, ·M)s§., Sunday, Septem~~P 11, l966
• ·• W.etj? it· left ·to m:e t_o -deeide whether w~ sbquld hJve a govern•
riient · withQut J\_ewa,p,ip~r~ Qr ~wsp.a·p ers without g,>vernment, I
should ·)lt,1t bJ?sifat~· a mo~nt tp p:r~fer tbe l~ttf:!r.
•
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,
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'
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--,ll'hoQ:lJls J~fferson
'
'
11,e Second, Battle Of.·Atlanta
, - The Studen t • Non..vjolent Co-l'f ·1$ .Qi{tE)r' irqny ·thet SNCC
ordtnating Cgm:rni!J:ee ·w~y· still ~houlg p.ow ~:!i09/l~ .t\tlap.t;1 l!S the
h a,ve public /iUpporters sgmewhere . tar.get for delibera.te ~r~Qti.J)n pf
outside the extreme fringe · of the · civil disorder. No city is perfect, and
civil rights movem.e11t and . .dee-p behj.nd its image of prQgresi;ivism
within the,· ghetto, ·but th~y wiil be• ~Atlanta has trouples like !¼PY other
h ard to find after the focredibly ' municipality. But again and ag11i;n
b latant job pf incitement to t jot its ' it ha~ been demonstrated there
leadersh ip pulled off in ..Mlantt1. · that N~gr,o and white le~deri;hip
last week. The organi;za tion's very" could work out a.q_comoi:laUons acname is nbw a bad joke, as the cept~hle to both sides. Mayor Allen
Atlanta disgrace · demqnstrated. himself w.as one Qf t~e few SputhSending a sound tntck into an a;rea ern politic;ian1:1 to tefitify in favor of
,tQ whip up a mob against the poljce the civil rights bill.
and the city administratioµ can be
But SNCC does not like to see
put in ·many categories, but "non- change pr oceed in thi~ way. It must
.violent" is not one of t hem.
be able to claim compl,:te credit.
Anything done by others is cateTher e is apparen tly no end to gorized as sell-outs by Uncle Toms
the lengths SJ'fCC w ill go in order and "Whitey." Peaceful chan:·ge
to create a suitable climate for its must be converted into snarling
operations. First its workers went anarchy.
to great effort t o eject whites
There is only one answer to that
working to alleviate p overty from kind of approach. Mayor Allen utiNegro are.as in Atlanta, using the lized it by telling the police t o
sound truck technique to smear a crack down. lVIapy: more respqndedicated man th~y contemptuous- sil)le Negroes al&o unqerstOQd what
l y referred to as a " white Jesus." damage was being done and workThen t hey h elped whip a m ob into ed against. S NCC on the street
the streets, culminating with an corners.
attempt to m aul Atlanta Mayor
Mayor Allen is r ight. If CarIv~n Allen as h e sought to disper se michael and Company want to
the group. Mayor Allen responded make Atlanta the n ew battlein the only possible way, instruct- ground, the fight should begin
jng h& Negro and white police to n ow. The t ime is past when open
brea up the h oodlums with wh at- invitations to chaos can be t olera torce was :neceSiary.
ed, in Atlanta r anywh ere else.
l___ _ _ __ __
.ai----· it. . . . ..~ __,------~
..-1- .
�,.JUSTUS
C . MARTIN,..JR.
ATLANTA, GEORGIA
September 8, 1966
Dear Ivan:
I want to join with the local
newspapers and national media in praise of
the gallant performance on your part in the
recent unpleasantness.
Congratulations on a job well done.
I am proud to know you.
The Honorable Ivan
Mayor City of Atl
56 Mitchell Stre
Atlanta, Georgia
�ROBERT H . WHITE
7 10
F A IRFIELD ROA D , N . W.
A TL ANTA , G E ORG I A 30327
September 8, 1966
Dear Ivan,
Would like to add our expression of
gratitude to you as t he Mayor of
Atlanta. You have had many problems
recently, especially the one last
Tuesday afternoon.
It is needless to say that we feel
that you acted sympathetically,
with understanding and great personal
courage.
It is a pleasure to be your friend
and neighbor.
Most sincerely
-,
,~ ~
The Honorable Ivan Allen, Jr.
Mayor
City of Atlanta
Atlanta, Ga. 30303
�,------ -- -
\
-
-
�7
The Naliona l Bank of Georgia
A ll a nl a
Jose ph E a rl e Birn i e
7 September 1966
Pre side nt
Dear Ivan::
Congratulations on the admirable and
courageous stand which you have taken w ith both
the Firemen's Union and the SNCC crow d,
All of us are proud of you.
Sincerely,
The Honorable Ivan Allen,
Mayor of Atlanta
City Hall
Atlanta, Georgia
Jr.Y
�Mrs. Joseph fl. Dimon, III
61 Palisades Road, N. E.
Atlanta, Georgia 30309
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��TRUST COMPANY OF GEORGIA
ATLANTA, GEORGIA - 30302
Sep tember 8, 1966
Dear Mr. Mayor:
Congr a tul a tions on your personal stand
Tue sday night.
It took a lot o r coura ge, and
others I have s een since join with me in app reci a tion of yo ur outstanding efforts.
Sincerel y,
Geo rge W. Kennedy
Hon.Ivan Alle n, Jr., Ma yor
City of Atl ant a
City Hall
Atlanta , Ge.o rgia
�HENRY
L.
BOWDEN
ATLANTA, GEORGIA
September 8, 1966
Dear Ivan:
Just a short note to tell you
that I am proud to be called a member of
your team.
You are performing tremendously
in these trials, and you must know how
very proud I am of you and your leadership.
Mayor Ivan Allen, Jr.
City Hall
Atlanta, Georgia
30303
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ARCHI TEC T S AND E N G IN EERS
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PO PL A R
AT L A NTA
S TRE ET, N . W .
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GEORG I A
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HAROLD P . McDONALD, M. D .
ATLANTA, GEORGIA
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�JOE W. GUTHRIDGE
Georgia Institute of Technology
Atlanta, Georgia 30332
September 8, 1966
The Honorable Ivan Allen, Jr.
Mayor of the City of Atlanta
City Hall
Atlanta, Georgia 30303
Dear Mayor Allen:
May I commend and congratulate you for the very
positive influence you exe rted on Tuesday night.
I realize these are very troublesome times for you,
and I want you to know that there are many
thousands of your constituents who want to say
"thank you" for the outstanding leadership you
have give n us in Atlanta.
Guthri dge
�"ABCC~ MA IL FO
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BETTER BUSI NESS S
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De ar S ir.
The city o f Atlanta Ga. has a MAN for MA YOR.
In t he s e tro u b l e d d a ys,that is go od to know.
S incere ly.
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��CHARLES P. PHILLIPS,
270 PEACHTREE STREET,
C.L.U.
N. W.
ATLANTA 3, GA.
September 7, 1966
The Honorable Ivan Allen
Mayor of Atlanta
Georgia
Sir:
Just a note to compliment you on your
courage, tact and understanding in the
handling of Atlanta's unfortunate incident yesterday. Without your leadership,
this situation possibly could have been
even worse.
It is gratifying indeed to a private
citizen like myself to see a man of your
caJ.iber i n the Mayor's Office.
V~
OJ.lrS,
R~ager
Metropolitan Life
Campany
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�THAiP E
THARPE & BROOKS
SROOl:S
I N CO RPORATE D
MORTGAG E B A N K E RS
ROBERT T H AR P E
728 WEST PEACH T REE S T .. N . W .
CHA IRM AN OF THE BOARD
873- 12 11 - ATLANTA, GA. 30308
September 7, 1966
Dear I v an:
You ar e a Great Mayor and a Great
Leader!
His Honor the Mayor
City Hall
Atlanta, Georgia
�Ma yor Al le
Mimi ju~t m~ lle ti me t h e a tt !:l c- e
Miami He liw. l ti Pub l i ~h~ r
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im Rassenkrawall
ATLANTA, 11. September (AP). Noch
bis in den Sonntagmorgen war die farbige Bevolkerung von Atlanta im amerikanischen Sildstaat Georgia in Aufruhr, nacbdem ein Negerjunge am
Samstagabend, wahrsdleinlich von Wei.Ben, erschossen und ein zweiter verletzt
worden war. Ein Polizeibeamter wurde
durch einen SchuJ3 in den Kopf ~etroffen, sein Zustand wurde nach einer Behandlung im Krankenhaus als zufriedenatellend bezeichnet. Nach den Beobacbtungen eines Anwohner$ wurden die
Schilsse auf die Negerjungen aus einem
vorbelfahrenden Wagen abgegeben, in
dem ein weiBer Mann und eine we!Be
Frau saBen. Eines ihrer Opfer, der 16jahrlge Hubert Vorner, war bel der Einlleferunl in ein Krankenhaua beretts
tot. Dem zweiten angeschossenen Jungen, dem 16jlihrigen Milton Wright,
ging es den Umstiinden entsprechend
gut. '
Wle aus Chikago gemeldet wfrd, 1st
der
amerikanische
Nazl-Anfilhrer
Rockwell am Wochenende in Chikago
festgenomrnen worden, ehe etwa hundert seiner Anhllnger mit Hakenkreuzfahnen durch ein Negerviertel von Chlkago marschierten, wobel es zu Krawallen kam. Die meisten von rund 1500
Farbigen, die den Zug der Wei.Ben durch
ihr Wohnviertel beobachteten, blieben
unbetelligt. Elnlge Male schleuderten sle
jedoch Steine und warfen Behlllter mit
Sllure auf die Nazis. Zwel Pollzisten
und sieben Fatbige wurden dabei verl~tzt.
Die Mltg)ieder des amerlkanlsdlen
Senats haben, wle aus Wasalngton gemeldet wlrd, durch Abwesenheit eine
Debatte des neuen jlmerikanischen
Bilrgerrecbtsgesetzes verhfndert, dessen
Paragraphen jede Dlskriminierung von
Farbigen beim Kauf von Hllusern oder
Mleten von Wohnungen untersagt. Die
ffir elne Debatte erforderlidle Anzahl
von 51 Senatoren ersdlien weder am
Donnerstag noch am Freitag Im Plenarsaal, so da.B die Debatte auf Montag vertagt wurde. Politische Kreise in Washington rechnen jedoch nicht damit, daB
sle an diesem Montag stattfinden kann.
Kleine Meldungen
Dean Rusk, der amerikanisdle AuJ3enmini91:er, hat am Wochenende das Walter-Reed-Krankenhaus, in das er am
vergangenen Dienstag mit einer Grippe-Erkrankung eingeliefert warden war,
wieder verlassen. Rusk will an diesem
Montag seine Arbeit wiederaufnehmen.
Eine Delegation des Bundestages unter der Leitung des CDU-Abgeordneten
Martin 1st in Pakistan eingetroffen, von
wo aus die Abgeordneten zu einer vierwochigen Reise durdl Asien, auch nach
Afghanistan und Indien, starten. (dpa)
EID Berlln-Treffen veranstaltet die
SPD vom 20. bis 23. Oktober; auf elner
Kundgebung werden im Spartpalast
Brandt, Erler und Wehner sprechen.
(F.A.Z.)
Montas, 1Z. September 1966 / Nr. 111
l'BANKl'UBTBB ALLGBMBUJB ZBITUNG
Sel&e'
~ohe Wahlbeteiligung in Siidvietnam
Wilson lehnt a&ikanisdte Forderungen ab
FORTSETZUNG UNSERES BERICHTES VON SEITE 1
,Weder Gewaltanwenduiig noch Mehrheitsregierung in Rhodesien
I
An seinem sechsunddreil3igsten Geburtstag am Freitag wuide ~ offensichtlich, da.B er das .Anit des Prlisidenten anstrebt. Dariiber ldnaus lie.B er a1s
Wahlsdllager zwei angesehene franzosische Geschiiftsleute in Saigon verhaften. Die Begrundung fur dieae Festnahme ist wen.lg ilberzeugend. Es beiBt
die beiden FraQZOsen blitten Millionen
Piaster an den Vietcong gezahlt. Da das
fast alle Geschliftsleute und auch manche Funktionlire in Saigon tun sollen,
biitte die Tatiacbe an sich kaum ausgereicht, Verhaftungen in der franzosisdlen Kolonie vomehmen zu milasen.
Von offlzieller $eite wurde jedoch behauptet, die Franzosen hiitten beabsichtigt, mit ihrer finanzfellen Unterstiltzung an c,ien Vietcong die Wahlen negativ zu ~influssen. Inzwisc:Jien sollen
drei weitere angesehene :franzosische
Bilr,er in Saigon verbaftet worden sein.
Politische Beobachter wollen wissen,
daB insgesamt vierzehn Franzosen auf
der Liate stehen, die festsenommen
werden sollen. Es wird befiirdltet, da.B
eine Art Franzosenpogrom vorbereitet wird. Unterrichtete 1'reiae sind sich
nicht im klaren, ob damit der latente
Fremdenha.B in Vietnam po,litisch geschilrt werden 1011 oder ob die Verhaftungen als Antwort der Regierung in
Saigon auf die Politik des Generals de
Gaulle in Sildostasien gedeutet werden
sollte. Von amerikanisdler Seite wird
zu dieser EntwicklUDI nocb gescbwiegen.
Die Tage der Wahlvorbereitung haben nach dem Will4'!1 der amerikani-
sdlen politischen Stellen ganz im Zeichen der sildvietnamesischen Regierung
stehen sollen. Jede fremde EinmischUDI
in innervietnamesische Angelegenheiten
wurde vennieden. Die amerikanischen
Truppen, deren Verlustquoten mittlerweile auf filnftausend Tote gestiegen
ist, haben zum Wahlwochenende eindeutig militarische Auftrage auBerhalb
der Stlldte und Dorfer erhalten.
General Westmoreland hatte Sildvletnam demonstrativ vetlassen und begab
sich auf eine Besuchsreise nach Korea.
Die Vereinlgten Staaten wollen die
Sildvletnamesen ennutigen, nacb Bildung der vertassunggebenden Versammlung biimen sechs Monaten eine
Konstitution auszuarbeiten, die eine
demokratische Regierungsform ermoglicht. Sie hoffen, auf die Dauer die offensldltliche politische Apathie der
Vletnamesen Uberwinden zu k6nnen.
Dazu bediirfe es nach Auffassung
amerikanischer Kreise des politischen
Geschicks der Regierung und zuslitzlidle
amerikanische Truppen. Man setzt darauf, daB letzten Endes die politische
Neugierde, das Interesse der Menschen
des Sildens, sich zu zeigen, dabei sein
zu. wollen, ilber alle Unann~keiten siegen wird. Die Wahlwnzi.ige mit
ihren offentlidlen Drachentanzen, die
Anteilnahme der Bevolkerung, wenn es
um eine offentliche politische Schau
ging und die Wahlbeteiligung am Sonntag haben Politiker zu optirnistiscben
Deutungen der nacbsten Zukunft kommen lassen.
Keio flan fur Truppenriickzug
Pzg. MOSKAU. Der sowjetismen
Presse kann man entnehmen, da.B
Parteidlef Bresdlnew dllS Politbilromitglied der Vietnamesis<len Partei der
Werktiltigen, Le Tsdlan Ngu, in Gegenwart des Chefldeologen isuslow und des
filr soziallstisdle Lander zustiindlgen
Sekretllrs des Zentralkbmitees Andropow empflng. Er hatte bier vor Tagen,
wie es ausdrilcklfch hleB, auf der Durchreise nadl anderen osteurop!lisdlen
Uindem Halt gemacbt, wobel seine
Eigenschaft a1s stellvertretender Minlsterprisident und Leiter der Regierungswlrtsdlaftsdelegatlon hervorgehoben wurde. Wle verlaut,et, setzte er inzwischen die Reise nadi Budapest und
Prag fort, um dort uber einen Ausbau
der Hllfeleistung ffir Vietnam zu verhandeln.
Wie Agenturen aus:Moakau melden, hat
Nordvietnam am Samstag , abermalll die
Aufforderung des amerikanischen Prllsidenten Johnson abgelebnt, einen Zeitplan filr den Abzug der nordvietnamesischen Truppen aus Sildvietnam vorz\i!egen. Die Absage war in einer Erklllrung des pordvietnamesischen AuJ3enminist'eriums enthalten und bekrlftigte
die Bedingungen, deren Erfullung Hanoi
schon friiher als Voraussetzung fur
Friedensgesprliche genannt hatte. Johnson hatte angeboteg, die Vereinigten
Staaten wollten einen Zeitplan zur
Rilckfilhrung ihrer Streitkrafte aus
Sildvietnam unterbreiten, sobald Nordvietnam eine gleiche Verpflichtung eingehe.
Flupeas verloren
SAIGON, 11. September (AP). Die
amerikanischen Streitkriifte waren am
Wahlwochenende in Vietnam nur in der
Luft in groBerem Umfang in der Offensive. In der Morgendammerung kurz
nadl Ablauf einer vierstilndigen nachmltterniichtlichen Ausgangssperre filr
die sildvietnamesische Bevolkerung er6ffnete eine amerikanische Infanteriepatrouille etwa 40 Kilometer nordwestlidl von Saigon das Feuer auf einen
Ihnen verdlichtig erscheinenden Odlsenkarren. Bei Anbruch des Tages fand
man die vier Insassen, unbewaffnete
Zivillsten, darunter zwei Kinder, tot.
Bel einem Angriff auf eine nordvietnamesische Feuerstellung wurde am
spiiten Samstagabend zum ersten Mal
ein amerikanisches Flugzeug ilber ·der
entmilltarisierten Z.One abgeschossen.
Wie aus Kambodscha gemeldet wird,
hat die Regierung bekanntgegeben, daB
zwei Hubschrauber mit amerikanisdlen
Kennzeidlen am Mittwoch das Dorf
Sramar BD1egrlffen batten.
ho. LONDON, 11. September. Die
CommoltIWe8lth-Konferenz trltt an diesem MO\trtag mit der Antwort Wilsons
auf die afrikanisdlen Rhodesien-Forderungen it1 ihr kritismes Stadium. Nam
Andeutungen von unterrichteter •britisdler Seib:i wird Premierminlster Wilson nicbt mir die Gewaltanwendung ablehnen, s01Ddem auch die Forderung,
da.B Rhodesien seine legale UnabhAngigkeit ·our unter einer afrikanischen
Mehrheitsregierung erbalten so11.
Die Ablehnung der vdn Sambia und
anderen Commonwealth-Staaten geforderten Gewaltanwendung ist keine
Oberraschung. Wilson k6nnte sie in seiner Antwort an die Konferenz nicht zusagen, seD:>st wenn er wollte, da er slch
verpflldltet hat, vor einer so einsdlneidenden A.nderung der britlschen Rhodesien-Politlk das Parlament aus den'
Ferlen zurilckzurufen.
Nidlt elmnal Sambia hat LI>ndon vor
die ausschlieBliche Wahl gestellt: Gewaltanwendung oder Austritt Sambias
aus dem Commonwealth. PrAsldent
Kaunda hat die Gewal~nwenctuna als
das ra1'3dleste und simerste Mittel emp..
fohlen, um Smith auf die Knie zu zwingen. Falls die britische Regierung aber
ein anderes, gleicb sidleres und wenigsterrs Ahnlidl rasches Mlttel anzubieten
hat, so ist Sambia zum vorlAufigen Verzicht auf Gewallanwendung zu bewegen.
Sein Spredler auf der Commonwealth•
Konferenz, A u J 3 e ~ Kapwepwe,
ist aber nlcbt bereft, sich mit einem geschlckt formullerten, aber hoblen Rezept
abzufinden und zu intelligent, um einen
solchen Versuch nicbt zu durchschauen.
Wilson scheint die Forderung nacb in•
tensiveren Sanktionen unter Vorbehalten zu akzeptleren, aber nicbt die nacb
Unabbllngigkeit nur unter einer atrlkanischen
Mehrheiisregierung.
Diese
zweite Forderung wird von 17 unter den
22 Delegationen auf der Konferenz gebilligt. Er kanu und wird in seiner Antwort darauf binweisen, daS das Ziel
einer afrikan1scben Mehrheltsregierung
von der Labour-Regierung uneingeschrllnkt anerkannt w1rd, was audl mr
die konservative und die llberale Opposition gilt.
Es 1st elne der tundamentalen Beiiingungen der britiscben Reglerung in lhrer
Auseinandersetzung mit ~odesien, da.B
1jede neue Verfassung die unaufhebbare
Garantie der ungehinderten Entwlcklung, der afrikanisdlen Mehrheitsregierung erhalten muB. Aber zu keiner Zeit
hat Wilson oder einer seiner konservatlven Vorganger die Gewahrung der Unabhangigkeit von der vorherigen Bildung einer afrikanisdlen Regierung abhiingig gemadlt. Wie lange die Konferenzdebatte ilber die Antwort Wilsons
dauern wird, ist vollig offen.
•
Das Staatsbegrabnis Verwoerds
Rechtfertigung der Apartheid in der Tr,.uerrede '/. Antellnahme der Wel8en
PRETORIA, 11. September (AP). Unter der - Anteilnahme vor allem der
weiBen Bevolkeruni Siidafrikas 1st der
sildafrikattische Ministerpriisident Verwoerd, der am Dienstag das Opfer eines
Attentats geworden war, am Samstag
in einem Staatsbegrabnis in Pretoria
feierlldl zu Grabe getragen worden.
Etwa eine Viertelrnillion Menschen erwiesen ihm die letzte Ehre. Der gro.Be
Platz vor dem Halbrund der Regierungsgebliude war filr die Trauerfeier
in elne Kirdle unter freiem Himmel
verwandelt worden. Der schwarz und
purpur verkleidete Katafalk. darauf der
Sarg, mit der sildafrikanisdlen Flagge
bedeckt, stand unterhalb einer Kanzel,
voa der aus dei- Moderator der 'niederlAndisch-reformierten Kirche der KapProvinz, Gericlte, die Trauerpredigt
hielt. Sie wurde zu einem Bekenntnis
zu der Rassenpalitlk Verwoerds.
,,Wir haben den 'Menschen verloren,
aber seine Botsdlaft ist uns geblieben",
sagte Gericke. Die bleibende Botsdlaft
des Ermordeten sah der Geistliche in
der tlberzeugung, daB Gott in seiner
Weisheit die Rassen unterschiedlich gesmaffen babe, damit sich jede nach
ihren eigenen Anlagen innerhalb der
Mihajlov in Z,,dar
aus der Haft entlassen
F.A.Z. BELGRAD, 11. September. Der
jugoslawlscbe Dozent Mihajlo Mihajlov
1st am Wodlenende aus dem Geflngnis
der ~astadt Zadar entlaasen worden.
,,.Meine Mission lat beendet, gleichgQltlg,
ob lcb verurteilt werde oder nicbt", 88lte
lWhajlov. ,.Die Sache hat 1es1egt.• lllihajlov wlrd slc:h in Freiheit verteidiaen
k6nnen. Die Anklage gepn lhn taut.et
auf Verbreitun, fa1ac:her ,Informationen
und VerMfenfflc:hung verbotener ArtikeL Als er Anfang August ein Treffen
mit l'reunden vorbereltete, bei dem eine
opposltlonelle Zei"tsc:hrlft gegrilndet
werden sollte, war er verhaftet worden.
Man n1mmt an, daB es in den nlcbaten
zwei Wocheli zum Prozef3 kommen wird.
Mlhajlov tellte mit, da.B er ge,en die
Anklage kelne Elnwendungen erheben
werde. ,,Ea llbt nlcbts, w.o,ecen lcb Einsprucb erbeben Jdhmte•, saste lWhajlov.
,,Wenn 1~ verurtellt werde, wOrdeu die
Beh6rden zuceben, daB sie den Sozlallsmus mit einem Elllparteiensyatem iden•
~eren.• Mihajlov berlcbtete au8erdem, da8 seine geplante Zeitsc:hrlft demnlichst erscbeinen werde. Eine Druckerel
f(lr sie sei sdlon gefunden. ,,Alles ist
vorbereitet. Die Leute arbeiten daran,
und die erste Nummer wird demnllchst
herauskommen." Er selbst werde an der
ersten Nummer nicht mitarbeiten.
Die Zonen-Visa fiir Auslander
jn. LEIPZIG, 11. September. Filr auslandiscbe Touristen, die nam Mltteldeutschland fahren wollen, gelten ab
sofort erleidlterte EinreisebestimmUngen. In Zukunft soil das Einreisevisum
ohne weitere Formalitllten an den
Grenzubergangen zu erhalten sein. Es
mwrsen ledJglich ein 8llltller RetNpaD
vorgelegt und die vo.rherfge Buchung
einer Vollpension oder der Erwerb entspremender Gutscheine durch ein
Reisebiiro nachgewiesen werden. Eine
solche Buclwng kann audl direkt an
den Grenzilbergiingen vorgenommen
werden. Fiir Burger der Bunde&republik gelten diese Erleichterungen
jedoch nidlt. Entgegen den ilblichen Gepftogenheiten sinm bei der Leipziger
Messe jetzt bei auslindisdlen Besucbern
schon bei einem eintlgigen Besucb
Zonen-Visa in die Passe eingestempelt
worden, obwohl normalerweise ein
Messeausweis genilgt hatte.
Grenzen ihrer eigenen kulturellen Tradition entwickeln konne.
In der ersten Reihe der Trauerversammlung saB der rhodesische Ministerprasichmt Smith in Begleitung eipes
Leibwiichters nicht in seiner Eigenschaft
als Regierungschef, sondern als personllcher Freund Verwoerds, wie die diplomatische Vertretung Rhodesiens betonte.
Getrennt von den iibrigen Trauergasten,
aber in unmittelbarer Nahe der Hinterbliebenen und der Kabinettsrnitglieder,
hatte eine kleine Gruppe von afrikanischen Hlluptlingen und Vertretem der
indischen Bev6lkerungsgruppe und der
Nordkoreas Vorschlag
Mischlinge Platz gefunden. Der wlchtigzuriickgewiesen
ste Hiluptl\ng war Kaiser Mantanzima,
Ministerprasident der Transkal, des
WASHINGTON, 11. September
ersten Bantustaates in Sildafrika.
Die Vereinigten Staaten haben den VorTausende saumten die Stra.Ben, als der schlag Nordkoreas zurElnberufung einer
Konferenz filr die LIS'Barg auf einer Geschiltzlafette von 38 internationalen
berittenen Polizisten, elf Panzerfahr- sung der Korea-Frage zurilckgewiesen.
zeugen und vierhundert Soldaten durch AnlaBlich des 18. Jahrestags der Grllndie Stra.Ben Pretorias zum alten Stadt- . dung der Volksrepublik Nordkorea hatte
friedhof geleitet wurde. An der Trauer- sich dernordkoreanische stellvertretende
feier am Grabe nahmen nur die Fami- Ministerprasident Kwang Kyup Kim dalienangehorigen, Staatsprasident Swart fiir ausgesprochen, alle Staaten, die am
und seine Frau, die Mitglieder des Kabi- Korea-Krieg beteiligt waren, zu einer
netts und enge Freunde der FamilieVer- Konferenz einzuladen, auf der die Problepr. des geteilten Landes erortert werwoerd teil
den sollten. Das amerikanische A,u.Benministerium erklkte 2t1 diesern Vot•
schlag, es bestiinderi Im Rahmen der
Verelnten Nationen PlAne filr die Wiedervereinigung des Lan'aes. Eine De1,le
Kdnferenz sel deshalb unn6tig.
.
en Herrlnmenschen
CUPn.
�Brandt, Erler urid Weliiier -sprechen.
(F.A.Z.)
.Johannes Dl""C'APaun, der PJ:isidant
der "Volkskammer", hat in Leiptig auf
einem Empfang fur eine guinesische
"Parlaments-Delegation"
die
sich
"sUindig welter vertiefenden Beziehungen zwischen der DDR und der Republik Guinea" gewilrdigt.
(F.A.Z.)
Todor Sdllwkpff, der bulgarische Ministerprtisident µnd Erste Sekretir der
Konµnunistischen Partei Bulgariens,
wird auf Einladung der franzosischen
Regierung am 10. Oktober zu einem
sechstiigigen offiziellen Besuch in
Frankreich eintreffen. (dpa)
In Berlin 1st der ,.Acbte Deutsche
Technikertag" der Deutschen Angestelltengewerkschaft eroffnet worden. 120
stirnmberechtlgte Deleglerte aus allen
Bundesliindern i:iehmen daran tell.
Die Devlaenhilfe-Verhandlunren zwischen der Bundesrepublik und Gro13britannien wero'en am Montag in Milnchen
fortgesetzt. (d~)
Der 'l>eutldie Entwlcklunpcllenst in
Bad Godesberl bat einen jungen Berliner Techniker als 5000sten Bewerber
fiir eine Aufgabe in einem Entwicklungslantl registriert. (AP)
Blnem 11111ariadum Blaepaar und einem
25jiihrigen Arbeiter ist am Freita1 im
Burgenland die Flucht nacb Osterreicb
gelungen. (AP)
Paldatan and Malaysia haben fhre
diplomatischen Beziehungen wiederaufgeoommen. Diese Obereinkunft ist durch
die Vermittlung des Schahs von Persien
zustande gekommen. (UPI)
Zwischen ,,Schwarzer Machtu und we;J3en Herrenmenschen
Atlanta s-qmt auf den Weg der Vemunft zuriickzukehren / Sabina Lietzmann berimtet
~
Vor fiinf .'Jahren hat Priisident Kennedy der Stadt Atlanta Dank und Anerkennung fur die Wurde und Gesetzestreue ihrer Burger ausgesprochen,
die allen Gemeinden des SUdens zum
Vorbild dienen konnten. Hatte doch die
rassenbewul3tei bureerstolze Kapitale
des tiefen Sild'ens den Eintritt von Negerkindem auf bisher rein we113e hohere
Schulen trotz ingstlllier Erwartungen
schmerzlos und ohne Jwischenfall vollzogen, well Stadtv
ltung, Presse und
eine Vielzahl komm
ler Gruppen von
den Pfadfindern bis
r Handelskam-·
mer in idealetn Zu
enwirken die
Bev6lkerung Uber Mi te hin darauf
vorbereitet batten,
in das Unvermeidliche mit Einsi
zu f(lgen.
Es gab in Atlan
damals keinen
Skandal wie in and n Stldten. Auch
in den Jahren seith hat Atlanta sich
den Ruf einer liber n Stadt, ei,nsichtig regiert und zum nstruktiven Zusarnmenwirken 'W
--und farblier
Burger stets bereit,
rt. Atlanta
hat eine einfluBJ;eidle Zeltung unter
Leitung des Im gamen Lande bekannten und •chteten Redakteurs und
Leitartiklers MacGill, es hat
~ I U t 1e
Neief'Gmversitlten
in seiner Umgel>UDI, und ea 1st seit
zwei Jahrzehnten Sitz einer regionalen
Organisation, in der Farbi1e und WeiBe
an der Verbesseranc des Negerschick·
sals arbeiten.
Seit den filnfziger Jahren 1st Atlanta
auch Hauptquartier von Martin Luther
Kings Organisation, der Southem
Christian Leadership Conference. Seit
1960 schliel31ich beherbergt es die Zen- '
trale noch eines weiteren Farblgenverbandes: des "Student non-violent Committes" (Gewaltloses Studenten-Komitee), das sich unter seinem neuen Fuhrer
Stokely C&rmichael ,in diesem Sommer
zum Bannertrii1er der neuen Losung
.,Black Power" (Schwarze Macht) macht
und EinfluB ff1r die Schwarzen entwickelt hat.
Der ZusammenstoB zwischen llberalen und militanten Kriiften hat Atlanta
in der vergangenen Woche seine erste
Krise seit Iangem beschert. Ihre Bewiiltlgung ist fur Stadtverwaltung und Bevolkerung ein Test wie dama1s, 1961,
die vom Obersten Gericht befohlene Zulassunl von Negerkindem auf die hoheren Schulen. Der Zwischenfall entwickelte sich aus der Verfolgung eines
schwarzen mutmaBlichen Autodiebes
durdl einen Pollzisten, wobel der flilchtige Neger von dem Polizisten angeschossen wurde. Es follte ein StraBenaufruhr in dein sch,warzen Viertel.
Stokely C&rmichael und andere Mitllieder seines ,.Kolhltees" erschlenen
mit Lautsprecl}erwagen auf der Szene
und wie,elten die BevcSlkerung zum
Angriff 1e1en die Polizei auf. Es entwickelte 1lch eine jener StraBenschlachten, die es diesen Sommer in vielen
amerikaniscben Stiidten gegeben hat,
mit Flaschen und Zie.gelsteinen als Wurf- Aufdruck ,,lch bin ein guter Nachbar"
geschossen. ~ Bilrrrme_y;ter Ivan Al- verteilen und an Haustilren kleie~ ein liberafer un allseits geacnteter' ben, damit ihre friedllchen Absichten
'Mann, fuhr in das Aufruhrgebiet, bekundend. An einer Stelle wurde bewollte vom Dach eines Polizeiwagens reits von Negern ein Werbetislh mit
aus die Bev6lkerung zur Ruhe mahnen
Literatur des Studentenkomitees verund wurde vom Auto in die Menge ge- brannt.
schleudert.
Weniger auf~iillig gehen andere
Mit Trlinengas trleb die Polizei Gruppen, darunter Geistliche, von
· schlie6lich die Massen auseinander, doch Haus zu Haus und arbeiten an einer
das Ereignis, das die einen eine rilde
Stra.Benschlacht, die anderen ,,Atlantas Bestandsaufnahme der farbigen Bescbwarze Revolte" nennen, wirkt nach: volkerung. Bilrgermeister Allen hat
Die Stadtverwaltung hat Carmichael alle arbeitslosen Neger aufgerufen,
der Anzettelung von Unruhen ange- sich im Rathaus um Stellen zu bewerklagt und ihn verhaften lassen. Man ben, die reichllch zur Verfilgung stilnden. Eine andere Farbigengruppe, ad
prilft, ob man, ihn nicht nach einem alten Gesetz des Staates der Verbreitung hoc gebildet, arbeitet mi~ der Behorde
aufrilhrerischer Schriften beschuldigen zusammen an der Beseitigung der iirg.
kann, ein Vergehen, das eine H6chst- sten Ubel in den Slums.
strafe von zwanzig Jahren Zuchth,aus
Aber auch die GemllBigten unter den
nach sich ziehen konnte.
I
Schwarzen haben beteits einen miliDie schwarze Bev6lkerung von At- tanten, sozusagen rechtsradlkalen Flillanta ist Uber das Ereignis fast mehr gel erhalten, der sicb, durch den Scbodt
betroffen als die weiBe. Carmichael der StraBensdllacht bescbll!unigt, aus
und sein Studentenkornltee, das nicht rund hundert schwarzen Sdlillem und
nur in der Theorie, sondern neuerdings .Studenten gebildet hat und erklllrt, es
auch in der Praxis die Gewaltlosigkeil sei nun an der Zeit, daB eine verantaus seinem Pro,ramm gestrlchen hat woi:tliche schwarze Jugend lich gegen
(Im Titel wird sie allerdinp nodl gtt- die These von der schwarzen Macht
filhrt), st6Bt bel dem wesentlldlttn ebebso Geh6r verschaffe wie 8egen
Tell der farbigen Burger von Atlanta weil3e Theorien von Herrenrassen. In
auf wenig Gegenllebe, ja auf heftfle der Gegnerschaft gegen schwarze ExAblehnung. In den letzten Tagen ha- trenµsten sind farbige und weil3e Burben sicb mehrere schwarze Nachbar- ger von Atlanta gemeinsam bemuht,
schaftsorganisationen gebildet, die in der Stadt und ihren Ruf a1s liberalste
den Negervierteln Schilder- mit dem Kapitale des Sudens zu erhalten.
Vereinten Nationen Pline ·
e
dervereinigung des Lan'aes. Eine
Kdn!erenz sei deshatb unnotig.
et1e1,1e
.
Prader bei Malinowski
F.A.Z. MOSKAU, 11. September. I>er
6sterreichische
Verteidigungsminister
Prader ist zu einem einwpchigen Besuch
in Moskau ein,getroffen. Prader folgt
einer Einladung des sowjetischen Verteidigungsministers Malinowski, der ilm
auch auf dem FllJibafen Scheremetj~o
begrill3te. Der so.wjetische Verteia'igungsminister hatte vor einem Jahr
Wien besucht.
l'raaktar&er Alllemelae ZeHaq
Fraakfa11er ZeHUDI
Verlag Frankfurter Allqemeine Zeltuni
GmbH. Verantwortlicb filr Polltlk: Dr.
Bruno Decbamps, Nacbrtcbten: Walter
Nowak, Dr. Hermann Ruellus, Deutscbland
und die Welt: Bernd Naumann, Feullleton:
Dr. Robert Held, Sport: Karlhelnz Vo1eJ.
Wlrtscbaft: Dr. Max Kruk, Dr. Ham Hoeper, Lokales: Rudolf Reinhardt, Chef vom
Dienst: Hugo V. Seib, Anzei.Jen: Kurt
Grothe, alle In Frankfµrt. Anzeigenpreisliste Ni. 24 vom 1. Januar 11188. - Monatsbezupprets 8,80 DM durcb TrAaer oder
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W6chenUicb secbs Auapben. .... Drudt:
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L 14. -
J'flr
UD•
verlangt elniesandte Manuskrlpte w1rd
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werden aacb bestem Wlssen, aber oboe
Gewlhr ver6ffentlidl\ - Ansduiften filr
Verlag und Redaktlon: 8 l"i'ankturt l, Postfacb MG, und Bellerbofstra8e 2-4. Postsdleckkonto: Frankfurt Nr. 913 Ill. Telearamme: EFAZET Frankfurt. Fermchrelber Of 1223. Tel Frankfurt (08 11) 2 88 11.
�-=
2
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~~
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I
PARKHOTEL SCHOEN EGG
CH - 3818
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/
�1954
'lbt fbtning J&ullttfn
11165
•
f...~;::· _
'
S STAa L t&HKD 1847
Wllllam L. Mctcan, Ptt.ldent and Pnbll.sher, 1695,1931
'PUBLISHED EVE NING AN D SUNDAY BY BlJLLETIN COMPA NY
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i
22
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B
T H URSDAY,
SEPTEMBER
1 5,
1966
Planning to Plan
The $26,000 federal grant made available to help the Delaware Valley Regional '.Planning Commission "define" its job
is a necessary first step. But it hard ly "refutes" aH of the recent criticism of the
Commission by the Governors' Interstate
Advisory Committee, as Commission Secr etary Lawrence G. Williams hastily insisted it did.
Even when matched on a on_e-thifd
basis by state and local governments r~p\
resented on the commission, the federal
grant will pay only for a very modest professional and clerical staff- big enough,
perhaps, to draft some preliminary outlines of the Commission's enormous tasks
but certainly not equipped t o begin any
real nuts-and-bolts work.
More or less theoretical notions of
what the Commission should undertake
will be no substitute for a beginning on
concrete regional planning of land use
and resource development. If such planning is to have the necessary backing, if
it is to have an impact on the actual operations of government in the Delaware
Valley area, the fuller involvement of the
governors and other ranking officials of
the region, as proposed by the Advisory
Committee, will indeed be necessary.
Planning Commissions, local and
regional, have a long history of ivory tower labors that too often result in plans
that have little orno chance of implementation because the responsible officials of
government are not involved. All the
good intentions and professional com- ·
petence in the world cannot make a politically sterile or impotent organization
an effective force. The Commission will
truly come to life when this is recognized.
.
-
Some Lessons From the tPros'
.
.
Professional politicians can learn sev- ,ate halt to all bombings or a cease-fire by
eral things from the results of Tuesday's South Viet Nam and its allies.
The other lesson, and this one is to
primary election balloting.
be learned from the results in Minnesota,
One, made obvious in the returns is the danger of "over packaging." a pofrom New Jersey's Democratic Party pri- litical product with bright-young-man
mary, ii; that the war in Viet Nam is in- wrappings.
deed an issue in congressional votingMinnesota's Dem:ocratic-Farmer-Lawhenever anyone sets out t o make it an_
bor Party leaders decided more than a
iss'Ue.
year ago that Governor Karl F. Rolvaag,
A slate of Democratic Party "peace 53, should be placed on the political scrap
candidates" was defeated down t he line heap. Rolvaag, these leaders reasoned,
by party regulars who supported Presi· lacked polit ical "oomph" and had to be
dent Johnson's conduct of the war ·as replaced by someone younger, more atwell as · his continuing efforts to bring tractive. Thus, the D'emocratic-Farmerabout a negotiated peace. The Viet Nam Labor endorsement went to Lt. Gov. A
dissidents, who sought a U. S. Senate as M. (Sandy) _Keith, 37, who is in the .Rob
well as sev.eral U. S. House nomi nations,· ert F. Kenneqy image-including hair
fared badly- very badly- in the vot ing. styling.
,
The lesson here, and one supported by
The party leaders figured everythir.
previous primary contests, is that while -except voter reaction. A tremendou
the American voter may not be a Viet sympathy vote was generated for RolNam "hawk," neither is he attracted by vaag and carried him to renomination. It
pleas for tl}e unilateral withdrawal of left the party leaders alone with their
U. S. tro~op~s~,_!;b~.e,i.~loQ8~,i,-e,A,,,1,l,Q,l;i~U.:..,~~2El~::,..- - - -- - --...:.._
I·
New Battle of Atlanta
Atlanta, Ga. , is a part of the old South
well worth the consideration of northerners. It has close to a half-million populatiQ,n. It is the hub of transportation in t~at
quadrant of the country, as it was more
than a century ago. It is also a town which
seems really to believe that the Civil War
was a long while ago, and that what has
gone with the wind never blows back.
Atlanta, therefore, integrated its
schools with much less strain than elsewhere in the Old Confederacy. This year
there was violence as school resumed,
because there are impassioned but sense·
less people in every city, and of every
race. Atlanta's mayor, risking his neck
quite literally, went through the streets of
a Negro district reminding his fellow-At·
lantans of their duty to uphold the law.
An out-of-state Negro whom some would
describe as a demagogue was arrested
fo r-violation of a local law. But so was a
white man accused of wanton shooting of
an Atlan ta Negro.
Both arrests make sen,se; the point being to uphold the law' without partiality.
This Atlanta seems to be attempting to
do, much better than some of its back·
ward sister towns such as Grenada, Miss., c
where naked white power seems to have s
the support of policemen who ought to be
ashamed to wear a badge; where the crippling of children for the "sin" o( being
black appears to be the accepted code.
Atlanta is the place to look, for Atlanta is one of the most successful cities
in the South. Its culture and industry, and
its ·unusually articulate press have made
it a leader. What Atlanta does in civil
r ights will be copied, though perhaps
grudgingly. On the record so far, the vigorous city in the red hills deserves the
mantle of leadership._
~
Kickoff might be a bad word for such figure was $7.85 per person, while the fe
things as the United Fund, since the last Philadelphia average was $4.90.
thing that happens is that anybody gets
Since then we have done better. But t
kicked. Everybody gets helped; contribu- what Mr. Seltzer had to say goes a long d
..: .&~-a. l .h:1:
~1.i1d o n
W.J:lV
to
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W. P. MARSHALL
CHAIRMAN OF THE BOARD
TELEGRAM
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SYMBOLS
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NL =N ight Letter
R . W. McFALL
PRESIDENT
LT-Internationa l
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The filing time shown in the d1te line on domestic telegr,ms is LOCAL TIME at point of origin. Time of receipt is LOCAL Tlll!E at point of dcstinatiSm
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447A EST SEP 14 66 Aao;o
A LLF18 PD DUPLICATE OF TELEPHONED TELEGRAM ATLANTA GA 12 1109PMEST
IVAN ALLEN JR
MAIL 3700 NORTHSIDE DR NW ATLA
MY ADMIRATION FOR YOU AND YO',JR COURAGE IS BEYOND BELIE·F
SKEE PRICE
(4o).
S F 1201 (R2-65)
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. 'J;_i ty Hall
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You h~ been most courageous_9-uring .t hi s past week in an effort
t o calm· our. r acial t r oubles aR« you ~rB to be commended .
Now as a l ast r esort I would suggest t hat you r ecruit the
'services
.
of Mr. Ral ph McGill si nce he ha s been so closel y allied
with the Ne gro people in t his f air Ci ty . A few words from
Mr . McGill directed t o the participant s i n any of these
disturbances will carry tremendous impact.
Si ncerel y,
A Well Wisher .
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\----,,<- T im e °/::o E:'+0 a.m. / p.m. By- - -- -- - - - - - ' - - - - - - - - - - F ORM25•B �TELEPHONE MESSAGE Telephone No. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ 0 0 0 0 Wants you to call _/Returned your call [6" Came by to see you Left the following message: ) Date: Is here to see you 7 ½ Tim e~ a. m. / p. m. By- - - - - -- -~ ~ -- - - -- - - - - - FORM 25•5 �TELEPHONE MESSAGE T o _________ ~ A----=----\____,..__l -Jt-,..___ ~A~~ Name------------~-~-------Telephone No. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ D D D Wants you to call 0 Is here to see you Returned your call D Came by to see you Left the following message: 9( V Date:_ _ _ __ _ _ _ _~ _ _ _ __ __ __ _ a . m. / p. m. B y - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- -- FORM 25•6 �TELEPHONE ~ To Name)'Y\"'"\.. MESSAGE Q-~~--- \L~~ Telephone No. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ D Wants you to call D Is here to see you D Returned your call O Came by to see you ~ L e ft the following message: 143.215.248.55 L......., - ~6 ~ "'--f f' ,.,...,~ " ~ () l------. - \f\ ,n-- \.--L ' ' - ' ....... 5 ,u " w 't ¼ ___k ~--- - - - Da te: _ _ By- - -F ORM25•5 Time _ _ _ __ '~ a . m. / p. m. - - - - - ~ ~ - - - -- -- - �@~be/143.215.248.55 ATLANTA, GEORGIA PHONE J A. 2•4463 Ivan All e n , Jr., Mayo r \ lu/ fo>-1- (c)-f+f', ' ~ i ~ 1 ·=..-143.215.248.55 �TELEPHONE MESSAGE To_ _ _ _ _----,-'--"' -rj_/_.. .1~'(jl / -'--_ _ _ _ __ N=e:----=--> 4 """-= ~ ~. A~ L~~ L~L&J
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-J -- d - -'--- T ime _ _ _ _ _ __ a. m. / p. m. By- -- - - - --- - -...3&.- - -- - - - - -- - -- - - F ORM 25•5 �TELEPHONE MESSAGE T o_ _~ _ ' ( ' _ .- - - - Name c. "'- . ~ Telephone No. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ D D D Wants you to call 0 Is here to see you Returned your call D Came by to see you Left the following message: \' Date: " ~ X tt \ Time _ _ _ _ _ _ _ a. m. / p. m. B y - - - - - - - -- - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - -FORM 25 •6 �OFFICE MEMORANDUM From·- - - -lB~l.'t-'+-:l:-t-l-WHno~w.-,-l013--;;.n""dr -- Date· _ _ _ _ _~~:111p:'.m1B.c1'.t:,r,c--.::3:,:;e,;;;p"'t.----.-i7r , 196 6 Co ~gre ssman Jamie MaoKay justpho ed ( 3: ~o p.m ff ) to say thBt he wa., very proud o f your acti on yester oy and thAt he ~t ood at tour co m.mann ~o doa:x•_x any t hirig he could to oo of a.!sista11ce . �ATLANTA, GEORGI A PHO NE JA. Ivan All e n , Jr. , !'vl ayo r z. 4463 �TELEPHONE MESSAGE Teleplione No. 0 0 0 Wants you to call Returned your call 0 0 Is here to see you Came by to see you Left the following message: ~½ ~--- ~ b~/~; __,Q ,__________ Date: _ _ ____ By--1 FORM 25•6 Time
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MEMBER PHILADELPHIA BALTI MORE WASHINGTON S TOC K EXCHANGE
1410 CITIZEN S AND SOUTHERN BUILDI NG
ATLANTA 3, GEORGIA
C . C . COVEY
September 13, 1966
Hon. Ivan Allen, Jr.
City Hall
Atlanta, Geor gia 30303
Dear Ivan:
I want to be counted among those who stand squarely
behind you in your handling of the present emergency.
Every one of us who has the privilege of calling you
friend undoubtedly is tremendously proud of your conduct during this crisis. You have exhibited a level
head, extraordinary courage, and dedication. You have
had t he courage to face the problem and to face the
trouble makers on their own ground. We are all very,
very proud of your actions.
I have read of the Vice President calling you. I
would feel a lot better about him if he hadn't stood
up in New Orleans and encouraged just t he sort of
thing that has happened here. It occurs to me that
he has been trying to carry water on both shoulders.
Nevertheless, realize we are all wit h you and proud
of you.
C. C. Covey
CCC : ag
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��JAMES
c. A.
McKNIGHT,
Editor
L. KNIGHT, President and Publisher
BRODIE s. GRIFFITH, General Ma,nager
THURSDAY, SEPTEMBER 8, 1966
Atlanta's Mayor And Police
Handled
Bad Situation Well
.
Stokely Carmichael of the now-~
named Student Nonviolent Coordina mg
c ommi£tee apparently got what he wanted
in Atlanta Tuesday - a riot by Negroes
protesting the shooting of a man pursued
by police.
Carmichael has gone to great lengths to
explain his idea of "black power" in terms
of political strength, insisting 1.hat it is not
a call to violence. But the real fruits of
bis call for "black power" fell in Atlanta.
Mayor Ivan Allen Jr., displaying supreme personal courage and great concern
for his city, went into the midst of the
mob to plead for law and order. It was
only after he had been knocked from the
top of a car, where he was urging the
crowd to disperse, that Mayor Allen gave
orders to police to return force with force.
That was the only course left to the
mayor and the police in the absence of
cooperation from Carmichael and other
Negro leaders who had worked the crowd
to an emotional pitch. The airing of grievances must be tolerated, but the imposition
of a state of anarchy in a city is out of the
question.
Atlanta police showed considerable restraint in handling the crowd as they were
being pelted by rocks, bottles and bricks.
This restraint kept the number of injured
to a minimum. The police also reflected
the department's effective riot-control '
training when the mayor gave the orders to
move against the mob.
It is · regrettable that such an incident
took place in progressive Atlanta. It again
demonstrates that some -elements of the
Negro community in most cities are easily
aroused against the police by the incitement
of extremists. It serves to remind us, too,
that police must always act with extreme
care in the use of firearms during arrests
in racially-tense areas.
All who beard and saw reports of the
Atlanta riot at the height of the action
were shaken by its savageness. Except for
the courage and decisiveness of Mayor
Allen and the professional conduct of the
police in the face of the mob, the bloodshed and destruction would have been far
worse.
�/
/
/
~~·
'&" '
i ; (, l,,
���William Underwood
EXECU T IVE VICE PRES I D E NT
September 9, 1966
137 5 PEACHTRE E S TREET , ATLANTA
Dear Mayor Allen:
Your pe rsonal demonstration of courage and integrity in
handling the uprising on Tuesday deserves recognition from
each of us here who care about Atlanta . I admire you for
what you did and support you in your continuing efforts to
deal with these complex problems in a firm and fair manner.
Sincerely,
,; ,
.
'
"
/":
,
I
/ ~/' / / / ,j' / /;.
f,
The Honorable Ivan Allen
Mayo r of Atlanta
City Hall
Atlanta, G eo rgia
~
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'
}i.Y~i,i/1
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,.y
�THE 210TH COMMENCEMENT ~ /
/
~~
A Call for Concern aiout Cifie( ~
/
T
age of protest and participation has coined its own jargon
-"activism",
"Vietnik", "freedom
marcher. " For m any of this year's
American college graduates, picketing
has become the valid, and therefore
leading, a nswer to conventional problems. But Pennsylvania commencement speaker (and U. _S. Secretary of
Housing and Urban Development)
Robert C. vVeaver offered an alternative for this generation of "activists"
and their restless socia l consciences.
Addressing 2,900 degree recipients
on May 23 in Convention Hall,
v\Teaver said: "Our need is to be concerned with urba n values and translate them into equal opportunity, attractive communities, a nd the good
life for ourselves a nd our neighbors. "
The new mern ber of Presiclen t .Johnson's cabinet said he is "sometimes
concerned lest we underestim a te or
misinterpre t the impli ca tions and potentialities o f urba nization." '"' e n eed
to "raise the horizon of expectations
of the American people" in order to
accomplish this great goal. "It cannot
be tha t the complexity of the issue
deters us," he said. Nor ca n it be tha t
"we shy away because the iss ues involved yield to n o simple, single, sure
solutions, for tha t is equally true of so
many other problems.
"Perhaps it is that urban problems
a re so immediate and so much a part
of our daily existence that we .3:-cceet
them as immutable. If so, I want to
disabuse you of tha t d elusion . Man
h as created cities a nd m an can ch~ e
them. The fundamenta l issue," he continued, "is, of course, wh eth er or not
urban democracy will work, truly, for
all America ns . Stated anothe r way, the
highest goal of our n a tional efforts in
urban d evelopme nt is to maximize
options, to insure the .highest possible
fevel of opportunities fo r all o ur
people, at th e same time that o ties
provide comfort, security, ex citement,
a nd sa tisfactions fo r their oc~
"
T h e Federal government is "Stressing
34
HIS
PENNSYLVAN IA GAZETT E
experimentation,
innovation, and ing pace .. . The university, as a nondemonstration," he said, " ... not to political, non-profit establishment, is
fend off radical change in cities, but in a position to experiment with proto foster it." Government is seeking grams of innova tion and to provide a
compromise solutions which it feels medium for action on the part of the
are inevita ble. This process calls for private citizen, the philanthropic
planning and decision making, with foundation, and the government."
the implicit belief that "if people and
Pennsylvania's involvement is "witin_stitutions can agree on common nessed in the enterprising community
problems, become involved in com- efforts of our divisions of law, medimon solutions, and learn to work to- cine, education, city planning and its
gether for specific, though limited, ob- environmental institute, regional scijectives, then there is the basis for ence, a nd the department of labor
wider joint action."
and industry.
Citing his aspirations for urbaniza" l'Vfore recently this thi;ust of the
tion a nd the complexities awa iting the University toward assisting our urban
graduates of 1966, , Neaver said: "I be- neighbors in seeking experimental
lieve in cities. I welcome a n urban solutions to long neglected and r apAmerica. But I know both can be idly emerging social problems is r~)much better than they now are. To ~sen ted by our Human Resources
achieve the urban p o tential tha t is .E.rogram, a n a tionally acclaimed segours is the domestic challenge of your ment of the University which is ingeneration.
volved in seeking solutions to the
"It is m y hope," he told his a udi- problems or'breakdown in community
ence, " tha t this .. will be your com- relations. T h e student involvement in
m en cem ent to ide ntify with this cru- this University effort, the Community
cial issue. · You are urban America. Involvement Council a·n d its Tutori al
Vh a t you and others in our society Board, h ave d emonstrated tha t our
ilieam ca n become a new environment 1;1ndergradu a te students ca re d eeply
that maximi zes choices, reduces in- . ab out the human and social probl':._ms
convenience, d emands a nd achieves of our Philadelphia community. O ver
l:>eauty, a nd establishes a viable system 600 of our stude nts under the coorof local and regional government."
dina ted efforts of their own leadership
Sharing , Neaver's platform of be- actively engaged in p er forming a valiefs, President H arnwell said: "Com- . riety of community services o n a 1~ umencement implies the beginning o f lar basis in the Philade)phi:i~ a
new activities and new goals, a nd throughout the p ast academic year inoffers new achievem ents. The chal- cluding tutoring elementar y a nd high
lenge today for this potential energy sch ool students. C learly this U niverass ures an opportunity for each indi- sity," the president concluded, "stands
vidual to contribute significantly to- ready and willing to imp lement the
ward the _revitaliza tion of contempo- efforts of those a lready engaged in
rary society." Noting many changes compou nding a remedy for the pro_.12and improyements made by gov- lems of the city."
ernme ntal programs, the president
T the 210th Commencement, the
pointed to society's current "process
Un iversity also awarded honorof dramatic evolution" and the role of
educational institutions in that proc- ary d egrees to ten distinguished m en:
• ·waiter H. Anne nberg, ' 31
ess: "The great urban universities, as
·, e P!,ilaclelcommunities of con cerned and knowl- editor a nd publish er
edgeable people, are m eeting the chal- p!, ia Inquirer a nd preside nt o f T r ilenges of urbanization a t an increas- angle Publications, Inc., docto r of
\ 1
]u/y, 1966
A
�k,-~ ~
' -~~·::, ~
OP N~i rw~u~day jfaf
.
,
•
The Week in Perspective
Obituaries, Weather
B
WASHINGTON, D. C., SEPTEMBER 11, 1966
Dead End Awaits the Black Power Road
EDITORIAL
The arrest of Stokely Carmichael
gation of last month 's trouble in t he
Anacostia a rea is a case in point.
That affair, involving a clash between Negroes a.nd police, has been
und er study by a group of prominent
citi-zens appointed by Commissioner
Tobriner. Its co-chairman is Sterling
Tucker, a r espected Negro leader.
The study group has reached . no
wnclusions. In fact , it is just beginning
the job of drafting its report. Yet Adam
Clayton Powell, whose position in Congr ess entitles one to expect some thing
better from him, has charged into print
and two of his SNCC lieutenants on
charges of inciting last week's riot in
Altlji.Jlta may mark a turning point in
w'ha.t appears to be a struggle for supremacy between the moderate and the
extremist elements in the civil rights
movement.
The importance of the decision by
Atlaruta's Mayor Allen, who has taken a
strong lead in behalf of Negro rights,
lies in one simple fact. Public officials,
assuming that the requi ite proof is in
hand, must be willing to prosecute a
Carmichael or anyone else where a serious ottense is invo1ved. If for a political
reason or some other reason they will
not take firm action against a leader,
how can they expect those in the lower
echelons to respeCJt and obey the law?
And, of at least equal importa.nce, why
should anyone suppose that the moderate civil rights leaders will speak out
and act against violence 1! the civil authol"itlies are unwilling to do so?
This is a testing year, a year in
which events may determine whether
good sense' oc "black power" in tts extreme manifesta,tions will can-y the day.
It will be tragic if, because of weak
knees in ciity hall, it should be made to
appear that the rock-thrower and the
Molotov cocktail a.re tih.e wave of the
future.
There is risk of oversimplification in
discussing the moderaJte as opposed to
the extremist wings. There is good reason to believe thaJt a very large majoriity of Negroes do not support and are
even opposed to the extremtst tactics.
This does not necessarily mean, however, tha.t all moderates wm condemn
the extremists out of hand. Some of
them 'ffiaY even dertve a. certaiin vicaiious saJtisfactlon from the excesses of a
Carmichael or an Adam Clayton Powell,
even t hough they know in their hearts
that an appeal to black power, for example, can eventually lead only to a
dead-end st reet as !.ar as any perma-
with.. the accusation that he investiga-
'Trouble I got, man-what I want is progress!'
nent advancement of civil rights is
concerned.
In this connect ion, it ls interesting
to note the result s of a recent survey
conducted by a respeoted polling a gency
in Watts, Harlem, Chicago and Baltimore. The questions were asked by
trained Negro pollsters. And the responses revealed t hast most Negroes,
even in the ghettos, want pretty much
t he same things that most white people
want. They want better housin g. Not
surprisingly, since they are the p1incipal
viCJtims, t hey are worried about crime,
and they are mo-re inte'l'ested in adequaite police pr otection th?,n in talk
about police brutality. They want their
children to h ave a sound, disciplined education. In Harlem only 2 percent of
those tn,terviewed sa'id that school int egration was their grerutoot problem. The
real edu cational pmblem, in the majO'!:ity opinion, is the pressing need for better neighborhood schools.
Again, a cautionary note is in order.
It does not necess-artly follow from the
survey findings t h ait most of the people
in t he g·h ettos are against violence in
pursuit of t heir reasonable objectives.
In Watts, for example, 48.4 pe,r cent of
those interviewed thitnk the riot ing
there h elped t heir chances for equality
in jobs, schools and housing. Only 23.8
percent believe the rioting was h armful
t o amtainment of t hits objective.
The obvious inference from this 1s
t hat th e demagogue, t he racist-in-reverse, will fin d his best opportunit y 1n
the gh eittos and that th~s ls w'hy he
makes his major pit ch there. It should
be bor ne in mind, however, that the
ghetto is no,t synonymous with t h e Negro
community in t he United· States. Many
Negroes do not live in gherf:ltos. The moderate Negro leader, however, h as a respo nsibility t o help allev10Jte the conditions in the gh etto. And he also has a
responsibiUty to stand up and be counted
in oppositiion t o t hose who seek to exploit the distress in the ghettos for purposes of thedr own-from motives which
are at best dubious and which in the
long run can only retard t he drive of
the Negro for his equ al and rightful
place in the American society.
Here 1n Washington, the invest!-
t ion is a "whitewash" and that the commi ttee has too many "mild-manner ed
Negroes." Following this lead, Julius
Hobson, who heads the group known as
ACT, paid his respects to "pasteurized
Negroes" on th e committee who, he said ,
would sell . other Negroes short "for a
few pieces of silver." To the extent that
a nyone in Washington takes Powell and
Hobson seriously, this sort of demagogic
prejudgment is as harmful as it is outrageous. And it should not be allowed
, to go unchallenged·.
Although not ai med specifically at
the Powell-Hobson combination, th e
executive board of the District chapter
of the NAACP has just approved a r esolu tion which is a reflec l:iion of responsible thinking by moderate leadership.
The r esolut ion, offered by H. Carl
Moultrie, presiden t of the local branch,
said that the NAACP "must condemn
with .equal vigor the gathering of crowds
to pro test the arrest of an individual,
or individuals, as it does any form of
police brutality." If witnesses think the
police are guilty of brutality in making
an arrest, the resolution continued,
t here are appropriate avenues, including the NAACP, through which corrective action can be sought. But "violence
on t he part o,f a person, or persons, or
groups of persons, must be unequivocally
·condemned." The resolu tion ended with
an expression of hope that "all oth er
organizations do the same as we in calling for law and order."
So far the call from other organizations h as been considerably less than
deafening. The Rev. Dr. Martin Luther
King, however, has just denounced
"black power" in any conteX:t of violence. As the struggle within the civil
rights movemen t shapes up, and if
public aoohoriiti.es follow Atlanta's example in cracking down on violence
and inci temen t to violence, the country
should h ear before long from oth er moderate voices.
For if one thing ls clear, l:t ls tha,t
future prog-ress in civil rights depends
upon co-operation wH1hin the framework
of law by whit es an d _Negroes whose
dedication to equal treatment and equal
oppoirtunity is genuine r ait'lher t han opportunis·tic. If an yone doub ts this, let
h im look ait what is happening to t he
1966 clivil rig·h ts bill in the Sen ate.
There certaiinly is not hing to be
gained in the future by following those
who think or who · pretend to t hink o·f
progress in t erms of black power, and
who talk nonsense about burning down
the city to get what they want .
·
An impo,r tant thin g for everyone t o
remember is that g.ains can be lost. And
one way to reverse th e na,tdonal mood
which has produced so man y very substant ial civil rights gains is to enlist a n
~rmv und er t he racist bann er of hot 'l~~ds wh o wa,nt the Nei;,;ro to go it alone.
�9, 1966.
The Riot in Atlanta
.~n artificially induce d riot involving a few hundred
SUl?Ceptible Negroes shattered th e calm of an Atlanta
aftrernoon, and it may have sha ttered much more.
There is no way of gauging f ully its effect on a S'ou therh community that had been deservedly considered a
m~del in race relations.
Particularly dismaying was the abusive treatment
accorded Mayor Ivan Allen J r . when he r ushed to the
scene and tried to calm t he rioters. They had been
wliipped to frenzy, reportedly by the so·called Student
Ndnviolent Coordinating Commit tee, espouser of the
separatist arrd inflamma tory slogan of " black power."
~uch was the mood of t he mob, h astily r ecruited
after a Negro suspected of stealing a car had been
wounded while fleeing from police, t hat ~ayor Allen
was jarred from the top of a police car and subjected
to a barrage of bricks, bottles and verbal abuse as he
courageously stood his ground a nd tried vainly to
re Jore sanity.
This was an ironic reward for one of the f ew Southern officials who supported th e Civil Rights Act of
1964. 'J;o the degree tha t S.N.C.C. in its new militancy
was responsible for this viol ence, it has done a gross
disservice to t he evolution of r acial harmony and t he
pr~gress of the Negro in At lanta a nd elsewhere in
the South.
�21252
CON GRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE
number of them could be brought home Sr., who Yves In Atlanta., was h eard to ask:
"What do they want? The mayor ca.zne down.
without weakening Europe 's defenses. '
It Is long p ast t ime t hat Europ eans make He tried to speak to them and they wouldn't
a larger con tribution to their own d efense. listen. Wha t do they want?"
It was a good question, but hard to answer.
F urthermore, excessive American troop
commitments to Europe a.re very costly in For m ost of the members of the mob may
not have known themselves what they
tax dollars and in dollar exchange.
I t is one of the main causes for the con- wan t ed- unless it was an excuse to throw
tinuing unfavorab le balance of p aymen ts rocks and rant about police b rutality.
The m ayor says the riot was deliberately
which p ermits for eign governments, such as
France, to build h uge dollac cla ims against caused by som e of S tokely Carmichael's SNOC
henchmen,
and h e may be right. For the
t h e United States.
Dramatizing the n eed to bring pUbstantlal mob began shout ing Nk.ill the white oops"
numbers of our troops h ome from Europe 1s after SNCC r epresentatives, a ccording to
the latest drop in our gold st ocks of $116,- t h e p olice, spread th e false word that the
000,000 in J uly, the b iggest monthly d ecrease susp ected car thief " h ad b een shot while
h a ndcuffed a nd that he was murd ered."
in mor e than a year.
Whatever m ay h ave been the case with the
As often has been the case, Fra nce was t he
b iggest purchaser of United States gold , con- , rioters, it seems clear that whait the SNCC
people
want is trouble, trou ble, trouble.
verting about $98,000,000 of its dollar claims
An d th.at is wh at they are going to get ,
into gold.
t hough not in the form they wa nt , if t hls
Mr . SYMINGTON. I also ask unani- sor t of madness keeps u p.
m ous consent tha t an editorial published
in t h e New York Daily News of September 8, 1966, entitled "Guest Editortal"
with respect to t h e actions of General de
G aulle, be printed in the RECORD a t this
point.
Ther e being no objection, the editorial
was ordered to tbe printed in the R ECORD,
as follows : /
DOUGLAS B OOK RECEIVES RAVE
REVIEWS
Mr. PROXMIRE. Mr. President, the
distinguished senior Senator from Illinois, S enator Doum.As, not only has the
m ost t horough economic background of
any m an in this body, he also has t h e
GUEST EDITORIAL
m arvelous gift of being able to convey h is
B y Senator STUART SYMINGTON, Dem ocrat, vast store of wisdom to his colleagues in
of Missouri, d uring Senate d ebate Tuesday the Sena te as well as the public at large.
on a proposal to reduce U.S. forces in West
Despite a hectic S ena te schedule a nd
E urope:
"Paper gold we have been pr inting In in- the in creasing pressures of a major recreasing quan tities for a great many yea.rs. election campaign he h as found the time
At the same time, t MSe European countries to wr ite a compreh ensive and scholarly
our troqps con tinue to protect have been work on trade, tariffs, and the balance of
q uietly c&llecting our real gold . . . If we sit payments. Furthermore,
this
book,
b ack and d o n o thing, and Gen. de Gaulle
continues his political and econ omic on- "Ame1ica in the Marlcet Place," has been
slau ghts against thls country, he could place greeted with virtually unanimous accla im. Let we quote a. representative
In Jeopardy the integrity of the d ollar."
commen t from the New York Times review writ ten by economist Robert
RIOTING lli ATLANTA
Lekachman:
Mr. ELLENDER. Mr. President, I ask
Thia admirably-- written exposition of
unanimous consent to h ave printed in America's
p lace in the world economy effecthe R ECORD an editorial entitled "Rioting tively m ingles lucid exposition, person al exin Atlanta," published in the Washington perience and policy prescript ion. I have seen
Evening Star of Thursday, September 8, n o clearer accou n t o! the reasoning that
1966.
underlies the
traditional attachment of
T here being no objection, the editorial Anglo-Saxon economists to tree trade . ••
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
Not only is the book given top grades
as follows :
by the academic community, but it h as
RIOTING IN .ATLANI'A
won the important . accolade of being
The most surprising thing a.bout the riot completely relevant to the debate carried
in Atlanta la that it should have happened on in the Nation's newspapers and m agathere. For Atlanta, b y general agreement , zines over the im portant economic issues
has been a model for southern olties in it.fl
of t he day. For example, the Wall Street
race relations.
Mayor Ivan Allen Jr. has walked the last J ournal, in an editortal, cites the book in
mile in search of racla.l peace. He had almost a rguing a gainst certain types of internasolid Negro support when elected. He was tional commodity agreemen ts as a means
one of the few southerners to testify In sup- of promoting the economies of widerport of the 1964 civil r ights bill. He has developed nations.
added Negroes to the police force. Atlanta's
Senator DouGLAS' book stands as a
schools and city faclllties are totally integrated. Many Negroes are employed by busi- tribute to t he brilliance and industry of
ness establishments and the cit y has sent one of the finest ligh ts of the Senate.
eight Negroes to the state legislature.
To find time among one's Senate duties
All of this counted for nothing, however, to write a major book is rare.• To find
when e. suspect.ed Negro car thief was the energy to create a work that has both
wounded while trying to escape from arresting police officers. When some 500 or more popular and academic appeal while
Negroes took to the street.a the mayor maintaining Senator DOUGLAS' high
climbed on top of a.n automobile an4 tried standard of Senate activity ls rarer still,
to reason with them.. He was shouted down. My hat goes off to my good friend ft'om
Taunt.a of "white devil" and "black power Illinois.
greeted him. F'ln.ally the mob surged
Mr. President, I ask unanimous conarounct the car and the ma.yor was j a.rroo
loose from his perch and fell to the street. sent that the New York Times book reNo, this didn't happen In a Birmingham view and the Wall Street Jouma.l edior a Selma. It ha.ppened In Atlante.. Little torlal be inserted in the RECORD at this
wonder that the Rev. Martin Luther King point.
.. September 9, 1966
There being no objection, the review
and editorial we1·e ordered to be prtnted
in the R ECORD, as follows:
[From t he Wall Str eet Journal, Aug. 8, 1966]
R EVIEW AND OUTLOOK: THE RoAD TO
DEVELOPMENT
Despite the many billions of dollars o! a id
from the U.S. and other nations, the econom ies of the world's less developed countries are growing more slowly than ln the
1950s .
The a u thority for t h at discouraging assessm ent is Paul Prebisch, secretary-general or
the United Nations Conferen ce on Trade and
E ven more d iscouraging,
Development.
h owever , are some of his organization's proposed attacks on the problem.
Under the UN group's plan , more of the
exports of d eveloping count ries woU!d be
brought under international commodit y
agreements, of the sort t h at now covers coffee. Moreover, p oor er n a tions would get preferent ial treatment for t heir export.s even
wh ile they were ,increasing tariffs against
goods f rom the richer countries.
Superficially, t his program may seem to
have some app eal ; a t least the less advanced.
n ations would be t r ying to lift themselves
mainly throu gh · t rade in stead o! endless
grants and loans. Yet as Senator Pe.Ul H .
Douglas indica t es in a new book, " Amer ica
in the Market Place," It's question ab le
wh ether t h is comlilnatlon of price-fixing and
p rotectionism is really the b est approach to
the poorer nations' problem.
Thou gh the commodity agreem en ts supposedly are aimed only a t "stablllzlng"
m arkets, t he Senator n otes that their true
goal usu ally h as b een t o push prices upward .
Wh ile increased profits on a product such as
coffee, f or example, may be of some general
benefl t to t he economy of the producing n a tion , In the p ast they have chiefly aided a
r a ther sm all group of wealth y plan ters and
traders.
F urth ermore, coffee consumpt ion d oes not
n ormally rise with Income, so a price b oost
1s a relatively greater burden on lower-income consumers. Sen a.tor DouaLAS commen ts: " What a price incr ease of this t ype
d oes, therefore, 1s to C{>mpel t he p oor an d
those of moderate m eans in t h e United
Stat es and oth er consuming countries to
s u bsidize, among others, the r lch planters
In the producing countries ."
The su bsidy, though., may be shortlived,
since the prlce-pegglng p acts are pron e to
eventual !allure. In t h e case of coffee, the
Sen ator says, it's d ou btful that the African
countries will lon g b e satisfied with their
allot ted 22% o! t he market . If they withdraw and start exporting more, the produ cing
nations may wind up worse off than they
were b efore the cartel was set u p .
For our part, we find the plan to discrtmlnate against import.a from lndustrial
countries equ ally u nen couruging. The obvious aim is to develop more manufactu ring
in the less advanced lands. Unfortunately,
where this approach bas been and is being
tried, the poorer nations have tended too
often to waste their scarce resources on uneconomic steel mills and other "prestige"
projects-meanwhile d enying their people
t he chance to buy m uch cheaper manu factured goods from more advanced countries.
A more promising effort of Mr. Preblsch's
group is its campaign to reduce or eliminate
tariff barriers among less developed countries. Perhaps the p oorer nations would
begin to see the many-sided benefits or
broader free trade if some of the industrial
countries would cfo more to open their markets to goods from abroad.
I! the less advanced nations really intend
to speed their development, though, they
need to make changes in internal as well as
external policies. For one thing, many of
them need to place more stress on private
�Sept em ber 9, 1966
CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE
w e obtain as m a.ny pleas of guilt y a.ccomp aruied by a confession or adm!S61on as we
did withOUJt such additional evidence.
or the 222 d ef endants who had either
court or jury trta.ls 85 % were found guilt y.
Of thooe found guilty there were one-third
who had made an admission or confession.
Admissions were present in 45 of those guilty
verdic,l;s and 1n only two of these matters
w ere t he a.dm.!ssions excluded because of
Dorado . T h e trial d eputies ind1ca.te that In
only t hree of those cases where t h ey obtained a guilty verdict did they f eel thalt
the admission was essen t ial. in ord er to ob tain such conviction.
There were no court or jury acquit tals in
whioh a confession w as adm.ltted. There
were n o acquitta.Ls in any case wh er e there
was a confession even thou gh on e conf ession w as e xcluded b ecause of Dorado.
Ther e were four acquittals in cases where
an adm1,smon, was excluded but there were
also seven acquittals wherein adm:isslons
were admitted.
Again b eca,use of the limited samp le a nd
the limited nature of the questionnaire it
would be difficult to arrive at any significant
conclusion except to ventuTe t he view tha t
Dorado la not p rooenting a d1fflcult problem
in the prosecution of current cases.
If there is any further ln!forma.tion or explanations of these figures th.at you d esire,
please let me know.
(Copies: Evelle J . Younger, DistriCft Attorn ey; Harold Ackerman , Chief Deput y District Attorney.)
WORK SHEETS : CONFESSIONS AN D ADMISSIONS
EFFECT OF DORADO
COMPLAINT STAGE
(a ) Total d efenda n ts, 616 .
( b) Defend ants no confession or adm.lsslon, 367.
(c) D efendants confession or admission,
249.
(d) Compla in ts Issued-no confession or
admission, 236.
(e ) Complaints issu ed---<:onfesslon or admission admissibl e , 202.
(1 ) Sufficient evidence wit hout confession
or admission to s ustain conviction, 149 .
( 2 ) Insufficient evid ence without confession or admission to sustain conviction, 53.
(f) Total rejections, 178.
(g) Rejectio11&-insufflcient evidence without confession or admission and confession
or admission inadmissible, 2.
(1) Dora.do ,1 2.
(2) Dela y, O.
(3 ) Invo luntary, O.
(4 ) Other, O.
(h) Coniesslon or admission admissible,
r ej ection for other reason , 45.
(1) Rejection-no confession or admlsslon,
131.
PRELIMINAJ\Y STAGE
Total d efend ants, 363.
Defendants n o confession or admission,
165.
Defenda.Dts confession or admission, 198.
Confession or admission introduced and
received, 139.
Confession or admission introduced and
not received, 2 .
( 1) Dorado, o.
(2) Delay, 0.
(3) Involunwy, O.
(4) Other, 2.
Confession or admission n ot Introduced, 52.
(1) Dorado, o.
(2) Delay, 1.
(3) Involuntary, o.
(4) Other,O 61.
1 One of t hese is not completely certainlnfonnatlon sheei Incomplete.
0 Most not mtroduced 11 not needed to hold
defendant to a.nswer-ofll.ce tlme ea.vlng policy at prellmlnary level.
No. 162--4
Conf essio n or admission and plea of guilty,
4.
Confession or admission a.nd di5Dl.!ssal
f or r efiling, 1.
21251
man and Fred Guliex) are 1n prison , one
serving a 20-year m aximum, the oth er ser ving W e.
J ULY 14, 1966.
TRIAL STAGE ( I )
Total d efendants, 318.
T otal pleas of guilty, 96.
(1 ) Accompa nied b y a.dmission, 18.
(2) Accompanied b y confession, 31.
(3) Unaccom panied by eXJtrajud ical s tatem en ts, 47.
T otal d isp ositions of guilt y, no confessions
or a dmlssions invo lved , 126.
T otal confessions, 49 .
T otal a dmissions, 74.
Court or Jury d isp osition of gui1t y accomp a nied b y admission, 45.
(1) Elfec t of adm.lsslon on guilty disposit ion: S u rpl u sage, l; enhance, 36; essential, 3;
u nknown, 3.
(2 ) Guilty disposition accompa nied b y admission exclu ded b y Dorado, 2.
Court or jury d1sposition of guilt y accom panied by confession, 18.
( 1) Effect of confession on guilty disposit ion : Sw·p lusage, O; enhance, 12; essential, 3.
(2 ) Guilty accom p a nied b y confession, exclud ed because of no i ntelligent wa.iver , 1.
(3 ) G u llty accomp a nied by confession exclu ded by Dorado, 1.
(4 ) Guil ty accompa nied by confession excluded b y Ara n d a, 1.
TRIAL S
(2 )
Cour t or Jury d1sposl t!on of n ot gullty, no
confessions or admissions, 22.
Cou rt or jury d1s posltlon of not guilty accompa nied by admission, 11.
Cow,t or jury d1sposlt!on of not guil ty acc omp anied b y admission admitted, 7.
Court or jury disposi tion of n ot guilt y accompanied by admission exclu ded, 4 .
(1) Reason for exclu s ion: Ara nda, 2; unknown, 2 .
Court or Jury dispos ition of not guilty acoom p anied b y confession or confession
admitted, o.
Total con f ession s excl uded , 3.
(1 ) Dorado, 1.
(2) Ara nda , 1.
(3 ) No intelligent wa iver , 1.
(4 ) Effect or'·exclusion on d isp osition : diff erent r esult, O; no effect , 3.
Total admissions exclu ded , 6.
(1) Dorado, 2.
(2) Aran da, 2.
(3 ) Unknown, 2 .
(4) Effect of exclusion on dispos ition : different r esult, 4 (Arand a and unknown) ; no
effect, 2 (Dorado) ; unknown, O.
[ENCLOSURE 3 )
STATEMENT BY D ISTRICT A TTORNEY EvELLE J ,
YOUNGER IN RE : DAN CLIFTON RoBINSON
We h a ve n ow tried the murderer of Lewis
Grego t hree times. Grego waa shot by conf essed-murderer Dan Clifton Rob inson In a
r obbery on F ebruary 8, 1962, e.t t h e Fox ~ lls
Oount ry Club. The first tria l, Rob inson was
convicted and sentenced to d eath. The supreme Cou rt revel'sed b ecau se of an error 1n
i nstructing the jury that Willie Hickman, a
co-defendant, who did not appeal and ls
serving a life sentence, was an a.ccompllce.
Again, Robinson waa tried and this time,
the jury gave him life. H e app ealed and the
D istrict Court of Appeals reversed b ecause
the police did not advise him of his rights
before he confessed. This time, the District
Attorney was forced to go to trie.I without the
confession and t he jury acquitted him . The
confession was voluntary and admissible under the law as lt ,then exJsted. The defendant now go es tree because the law was
changed after the crime. The resUlt ifs a
by-product of the Supreme Court's tendency
to change t h e ground rules and apply the
new rule retroact ively. Ironically, Robinson, who was the trigger man, now ts free.
His two accompllces (Willie Warner Hiek-
TROOP R EDUCTION IN E UROPE
M r. SYMINGTON. Mr. President, I
ask unanimous consent tha,t two constructive editorials from n ewspapers in
m y S tate, one of S eptember 3, 1966, from
t he St. Louis Post-Dispa tch entitled "A
For ce Cut in Europe?" and t he o ther
from the S t . Louis Globe D emocrat of
S eptem ber 8, 1966, entitled " Cut U .S .
Forces in Europe" be printed in the
R ECORD at t his point.
There being no object ion, the edit orials were ordered to be printed in the
R ECORD, a.s follows:
[From the St . Louis Post-Dispa tch, Sep t. 3 ,
1966)
A F ORCE CUT IN EUROPE?
The White House h as said " No" to Sen a tor
MANSFIELD'S proposal f or a Senate r esolution
f a voring a "s ubstantia.J. redu ction" of United
States f orces in E urop e. But it said s o in a
r ather f a int voice, and we h ope t he Senate
will not b e d iss uaded from exp r essing i t s ow n
opinion on the question.
I t has long been clear t liat su ch a r ed u c t ion could b e m.ade wit hout ser iou s impa ir m ent of Europ ea n security. The b en efits,
bot h t o our b alance of payments and to the
ca.use of detente wit h t he Soviet Union,
would be grea t. The R u ssians might b e encouraged to withdra w som e of their own
troops from East ern Europe, a nd further
steps toward est a blishing a n ew security
r el ationship migh t follow.
The Presid en t does not always s eek t he
" advice a nd consen t" of t he Senate on for eign p ollcy initiatives, but in this case he
migh t we ll find a troop-redu ct ion resolution
a u seful wa rrant for d oing what h e m a y s ome
d a y w a nt to d o withou t taking full r esponslblllt y h imself. The f acts t h at Sen ator
MANSFIELD h as the su pport of 13 m embers of
t he Se n ate's Democratic pollcy committee ,
and tha t he has taken care to consult Chairman R USSELL of the Armed Services Committee and R epubllcan Leader DIRKSEN,
argue that mor e is involved than t h e pers onal d isposition of a Senator who h ns l ong
q uestion ed t h e n eed for maintaining s u ch a
lru·ge military establishment in Europe.
In any case the Mansfield propos al deserves a symp athetic r eception. At a time
when Europe itself acknowledges no need to
meet its original NATO troop commitments,
wh en the conditions that gave r ise to t h ose
commitments h a ve sharply cha.nged, and
when we are a.re spending far more dollars
a broad than we a re earning, it d oes n ot make
sense to go on su p porting 400,000 troops and
n early a milllon of their dependents in Europ e. Even If t he Administration ls not
r eady t o say so, there ls no r eason why the
Senate should not.
(From the St. Louis Globe Democrat , Sept. 8,
1966 ]
CUT U.S. F ORCES IN EUROPE
The United States troop commitment to
Eu.rope is muoh too heavy in light of Europe's dram.a.tic recovery and renewed capabllity t o take ove1· the greater pa.rt of its own
defen s e.
The commitment, made 16 years ago, la
woefully outdated . It should be substantially reduced as recommended by 13 Democratic Senators.
Un d er vastly changed conditions of today
there is no reason to maintain some 4-00,000
to 450,000 American troops and their 1,000.000 dependent.a In Europe. A substan t ial
�September 9, 1966
21255
CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE
point In h er early visits t o J apan a nd India.
She was n ot only a radiant rebel , adm!red :for
her cha.rm and d isarming m odesty, but also a
p r a ct!cal ldeallst whose contribution will be
r eal ized by f u ture g ener a tions.
CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE IN ATLANTA
Mr. TALMADGE. Mr . Presiden t, all
responsible and t hlnk.lng Geor giansa nd I am proud to say they constitute an
overwhelmlng majority of the people of
my State--were shocked this week by the
r acial not that erupted in Atlanta last
Tuesday.
I t was an appalling display of the same
brand of lawlessness we have witnessed
on many occasions in recent months in a
number of cities throughout the Nation .
It was the kind of mob violence which can
only result in chaos unless steps are
taken to restore respect for law and or der.
And, just as in other places where racial
agitation and disorder have resulted in
rioting, the Atlanta riot can be laid at the
feet of irresponsible leaders who have
gone abou t the country, preachlng disrespect for authority and ~lling m obs
into the streets, with no other purpose
than t.o create strj.fe and disorder.
I am truly sorry that Atlan ta, whose
record for peaceful and sensible race
relations ls second t.o no other large
metropolitan area in the country, has
been made a victim of rioting and disgraceful chants of "black power." However, I am pleased to note that because of
positive and responsible leadership on
the part of the m ayor and the city police,
as well as that of respected members of
the Negr o community, the 11ot was
quelled and handled overall in a most
commendable manner.
There appeared in the September 7 edition of the Atlanta Constitution an excellent column by Edit.or Eugene Patterson, giving an account of the rioting
and the courageous and firm part of
Mayor Ivan Allen and responsible Negr o
leaders in dispersing the rioters.
There also appeared fine edit.orlals In
the Atlanta Journal and the Washlngt.on
Evening Star commending Mayor Allen
and rightly placing the blame for the disorder where it belongs.
I ask 'ID'lanlmous consent that Mr. Patterson's column and the editorials be
printed in the R ECORD.
There being no objection th e material
was. ordered to be printed in the R ECORD ,
as follows :
[From the At la n ta (Ga.) Constitu tion, Sept.
7, 1966)
A D AY To F ORGET
(By Euge ne P a tterson)
A f ume o f tea r gas still stung the eye
occaslonally. I t made I van Allen look as 1f
h e had been weeping.
The mayor stood In a pool of glass :fragments In the middle of Capitol Avenue with
his shoulders slumped wearily. A police ca.r
with blue light flasbing passed on one side
of him, and a Grady Hospital ambulance with
a red light passed on the other.
He lifted his reddened eyes to the porches
and looked a.t the Negro men, women and
children whose rights he had long :fought :for
at the risk o:f his own polit1caJ U:fe. They
looked back at him.
On the upstairs balcony o1. a bleak apartment house-":four rooms, w1ll redecorate,
f59 .60"- a girl or a.bout 16 perked and shook
lilly In a silent d a nce.
"They d on 't know," Ma.yor Allen sa,!d
gently. "They j ust don't know ."
But the SNCC leaders knew. Wben Stok ely
Carmichael's crowd finally got a police shooting to play wit h , they stirred up th06C men ,
women and children as s killfully as white
d emagogues used to get a ni ght ride going.
Like t h e old white mobs, the rock -throwing
Negroes d idn't h a ve a very clear Idea what
h ad hold of t h em Tuesday. Demagogues had
h old of them . SNCC was In char ge.
SNCC com es in on a scen e of t rouble like
a n ambula nce . But n ot to h ea l any fractures. It h ad b een a lon g, chilly s ummer In
the Vine Ci ty slum. SNCC's sou n d trucks
h ad failed to stir riots. Ma ybe Vin e City
r esid en ts got toughened to the black power
d emagoguery and Immune to it. Here, alm ost in t h e shadow or Atla n ta's n ew stadium,
was a fresh n eighborhood with a b uilt-In
Incident. And here was SNCC.
As Allen sa id, the p eople just didn't know.
But SNCC did. T o say pa.st white injustices
to Negroes was fair provocation for what the
b lack p ower zealots did to Atlanta Tuesday ls
about like justifying white bombers and
burners on grounds some Negroes are cr1m1nal .
The major understood wh a t was going on.
even while the Negro rock throwers who
liter ally t hreatened his 11:fe did n ot. He gave
them their target. He walked In the open
down the middle of the street while som e
policemen were taking cover behind an
armored ca r under the hall o:f stones. His
oourage was remarked b y every tough cop
present. H e acted like a man who didn't
wa n t to b e s a fe if his cit y wasn't.
ALMOST-BUT N OT QU ITE
For a wb'Ue lt looked as if the m a yor might
pull it off. He waded !nto1;h e middle of the
riotous crowd a t Ca pitol and Onn.ond (you go
p ast the stadium on Oapitol, and a.cr05S
G eorgia, and across Lit tle and Love-that's
right, Love---a nd there's Ormond) a.nd tried
to lead t hem out to the s tadium . They :followed him !or a block. The n SNCC got hold
o! t h e thing again, yelli ng black power .
They wer en "t gonna. go to any white man 's
stadium. Pretty soon they had the c:rowd
b ack a.t Ormond and Cla.pitol. Allen got up
on a pollce car and tried to talk to them.
Demagogues knew what to do a.bout t h a t.
They r ocked the ca.r violently until he was
aha.ken off it. Encircled and shoved, he
simply bored d eeper Into the black crowd,
d em anding order, exhorting peace.
R ocks flew. Windshields and windows
criu;hed in. Police cars had their glasaes
Slllll8h ed. A white worn.a.n's car was hlt:
she paused a t the ·stadium parking lot to
s hake the giass out o:f h er h.alr. P eople
were getting hurt. Wblle Allen stood between them, N~oes threw r ocks and policem en fl.red into the a.Ir.
T ear gas fi n a lly broke that one up. The
police r an out of tear gas. But they stood
on t h e street corners with their gas guns
at the ready and n obody knew they were
emp ty until n ew supplies came.
Pollcemen are alwa ys targets in mobs Uk e
these. The ·strain showed in t h eir faces and
you coul dn't blame them. Shotguns, p istols, gas guns, b111ies--the tense brandishing
of s o much hardware was Im.posing. They
had seen too man y cars smashed , too much
anger, to be easy. They were as tight as
colled s prlnge, look ing all a.bout . Ther e In
the middle of them, unarmed and unrattled,
was Mayor Allen.
"I wish I could slow t.b.a.t guy d own," said
Cap t. George Royall, his police aide a.nd bodyguard, splinting u p Little S treet. The mayor
had suddenly walked up there to 1ns1st tha.t
a crowd or :ftegroes dlsperee and go to their
homes. The crowd m oved slowly .
Two policemen were assigned to herd the
crowd be.ck up t.b.a.t side street. They were
white, though many of the policemen on the
scene were Negro. The two white policemen
had company.
"This Is the Rev. Sam Willia.ms," Capt. R oyall told the p air of police men. "He ls going with you a nd he ls going
to a.sk t he people to go to their h om es pea{)ef ully ."
The Rev. Willia.ms did. A tough , smart
NAACP militant, the B aptist minister and
college professor had been figh t ~ for his
people against wh ite oppres.sors all hls life
and he d id n ot h esitate to gq to the scene
Tuesday and fight against their being hurt
by SNC C:. It took great courage. He went
up the street with the p olicemen , command ing respect.
Like Sam Williams, the Rev. Ma r t in Luther
King Sr. was there, d eploring violence and
la ying the b lame on those who Incited it.
"We h a ve got to have la w," the old man
said. "If I only h ad m y str ength, I would
tell these people we have got to have l aw.
Else we have no p rotect ion."
"You 've got your strength, old fri end ,"
Ivan Allen said , taking his h a nd In the
street.
NEGRO L EADERS GA.ME
Negro p oliticians like Q . V. Williamson and
J ohn Hood were there, laboring to lead t heir
peop le out of folly. Clergymen like the R ev.
William Holmes Borders were there , and
leaders like J esse Hill. The Negro l eader ship turned out to do what it could, just as
staunchly as the white leadership used to
do when the Klan mentalltles threa ten ed
violence. B u t the viol ent and the disorderly
always h ave an adva ntage In seizing l ead er ship of a, cr owd. They are unhampered by
r esponsibll!ty and they h a ve emotion goIng :for t h em . Responsible lea ders, rationa l
men, often look vulnerab le and even futile
1n such a setting. But they have t o go.
Dusk was :falling. " Are y ou hurt? D id
any of the rocks hit you?" Allen was ask ed
in the lull. He looked at h1.s friend Sam Willia.ms there In the street and laughed.
"Man," he kidded, " you know they can't
throw any;thing as f ast as I can run .
"I've got great periphe ral v ision. Bllnd to
color, blind to class. I "ve got to be b lind ,
h a ven't I , Sa m?"
The R ev. Willlams smil ed. "That's r ight,"
he sa!d quietly. The two strong m en, one
white, one b lack, looked at each ot her for a
second 1n the gathering night, then moved
off to see 1:f they could calm and disp erse
s om e more of the silent, s t.a.ring spectators.
Walking along the center of the Ca p itol
Avenue sidewalk, a tall , thin Negro man
wearing a striped sport shirt and a wl6p of
beard met a policeman and deliberately confronted him. head-on, refusing to yield room
for him to pass. The p olicem.a.n h eld a
shotgun at port arms and stood t here of a
min ute. He Jer ked his thumb to the side
but the Negro did not move.
Blind h a tred contorted his !ace into a
furious m a sk.
The pollcem.a.n shrugged and walked on
aroun d him. The thin goateed Negro walked
on, mut tering, looking over his shoulder and
h ating t he white ma.n with a passion that
seem ed to be consuming him l ike some foul ,
fatal f ever .
Shat tered glass l ay In t he street. Flicker Ing llghts glinted on the police guns. Night
was :falling and the m ayor was t hinking
about opening up the schoolhouse at the
c or ner of Capitol and Little and inviting
everybody in to talk Instead o! fight, bum ,
stone and shoot.
It was almost as 1:f the m a yor , a.fter h alf
a d ay of presenting his b ody in the street,
was as Intent on wllling peace and a retu rn
to n ormality 8ll he was In building up his
forces of police to crush nny renewed disorder.
In the ga thering d arkness, somebody said
to the tired mayor, as h e stood there 1n the
street, that h e ought t,o go on home and
leave the night peril to h1B policemen and
the people on the porches.
�21256
September 9, 1966
CONGRESSION AL RECORD - SENATE
" Listen," be snapped. " it anything 1s going to hap pen h ere tonight, it's going to
happe n over me ."
[From t he Washing ton (D.C.) Evenlng Star,
Sept. 8 , 1966)
RIOTING IN ATLANTA
The most surprising thing about the riot
in At lanta 1s that is should h ave happened
t her e. For Atla n ta, by ge n eral agreement,
b as b een a model for southern cities in its
r ace rela tions.
Mayor Iva n Allen J r. has walked the last
mile 1n search of racial peace. He h a d a lmost solid Negro su p port when elected. He
was one of the few sout h erners to testify in
support of the 1964 civil rights bill. He h as
a dded Negroes to the police force. Atla n ta's
schools a nd city f acilities a.re tot ally integrated. Ma ny: Negroes are employed by
b usiness establishments and t he cit y h as
sent ei ght Negroes to the s tate legisla ture .
All of this count ed f or not hing, however,
when a suspected Negro car thief was
wounded while t r ying to escape from a rresti ng police officers . When some 500 or more
Negroes took to the streets the mayor climbed
on t op of a n a utomobile a.nd tried to reason
with them . He was shou ted down. T aunts
of "whlte d evil" and "black power " greeted
him. Finally the mob surged a round the
car a.nd t he m ayor was Jarred loose from h is
perch and fell to the street.
No, t his dldn't h a ppen In a Birmingh a m
or a Selma. I t h a ppened In At la nta. Little
wonder t h a t the R ev. Martin Luther King
Sr., who lives 1n Atlan ta, was h eard to ask:
"What do they want? The m a yor came
d own . He tried to speak to t h em and they
would n't listen . What d o t h ey want? "
It was a good question, but b ard to answer. For m ost o! the members of the m ob
may not h ave known them selves wh a t they
wanted-unless It was an excuse to throw
r ocks and rant a bout police brutallty.
T he m a yor says the riot was d eliberately
ca u sed by some ot Stokely Carmichael's
SNCC h enchmen, a.nd be may be r ight. For
the mob b egan sh ou ting " kill t h e white
cops" after SNCC representatives, according
t o t h e police, spread the f alse- word tha t the
suspect ed car thief "had b een s hot while
h andcuffed and that he was m urdered ."
Wha tever m ay h ave been the case with the
rioters, it seems clear that wh a t the SNCC
peop le want 1s t rouble, trouble, trou ble.
And that 1s what they ar e going to get,
tho u gh n ot 1n the form t hey want, It thla
sort of mad ness keeps up.
Tuesda y night proved who was running the
cit y, a nd it ls not t h e mob.
It 1s Mayor Allen, and t he magnlficen t
b acking given him by the police a nd by sane
a nd r esponsible Negro leaders pulled us
through this time.
But it 1s too much to ex pect t h at Tuesday
night l.s going to be the end of it.
There are Irres ponsible whit e p eople, seek ers after public offic e included , as well as
irresponsible promo ters of " black power" who
find this sort of d anger ous idiocy h elpful.
Cei-tainly we'll see otl1er a t tempts to pit
r ace agai nst r ace, m a ke a smoking s.hambies
of Atla n t a and set b ack or der ly progress f or
yea rs to come.
But the combination which pulled u s
t h rough Tuesda y n ight ca.n d o i t again with
t he h elp a nd the b acking o! the d ec ent, lawa bidlng citizens of all At la n t a , and run the
inviters to riot ou t of town.
This h as b een a week of crisis in Atlanta,
with a good part o! the Fire Depa rtmen t on
strike, a nd the police on extended duty.
I t 's the sort of occasion which separates
the wh eat a nd the chaff r a pidly, and m a kes
us apprecia te the value of the kind or good
citizens h ip shown by those who sta y on the
Job when trouble com es. T hese are t he
mayor, t h e police, t he loyal ists amon g t he
firem en, a n d the Negro leaders who k ept t he
fai th with t h eir ci ty a nd truly with their
peop le.
SCHOOL MILK PROGRAM SIGNIFICANT CHILD HEALTH MEASURE
Mr. PROXMIRE. Mr . P residen t , fiscal
1967 appropria tions for m atemal and
child welfare activities went from $187
million in fiscal 1966 to a House-appr oved
figure of $228,900,000. This 1s a wh op ping increa.5e of almost $42 million.
Every bit of this in crea.5e is n ecessary.
Most of it would provide for an expansion of the program in accordance with
the 1965 amen dments to the Social Secur ity Act. But it 1s significant that
while we are providing an additional $41,900,000 for child welfare activities 1n fiscal 1967 we apparently can affor d to boost
the special milk progr am for sch oolchildren by only $ 1 million fr om last year's
appropriation level of $ 103 million to $104
million this year. Yet if ever a program
were important -to t h e welfare of our
[From the Atlant a (Ga.) Journ al, Sept . 7 , children, th e sch ool mllk program is.
1966)
The milk program h elps most those
W H O R UNS T HE CrrY?
who can least afford to h elp themselves-Magn ificent work on the part of the police, t h e children from poor families living in
the personal courage and leadership of Ma yor depressed areas and the slums of our NaI van Allen and the coopern.tl.on of responsi ble tion's cities. It helps t h em by providing
Negro polltlcal and religious leaders kept At - a Federal payment toward t he cost of a
- la nta out or murderous trouble Tuesday
half-pint of milk once or twice a day, beevening.
There was m a jor -trouble as i t was, In r e- tween meals. Of ten the local community
sponse to an i nvitation to trouble promoted provides th e r emainder of the needed
by SNOC and Its Irresponsible new leader, funds. Fw:thei:more the cost to the taxS tokely Carmichael, to protest a case of al - p ayer is minimal, because milk not purleged police brutality .
chased under the program would probThere was rioting 1n the streets s01tth o! ably have to be bought and stored under
the S tadium (wh ere a detachmen t of state the price support program at Gove1·np atrolmen stood by) , but the coalition of m ent expense.
those d evoted to the welfa re of the city preAt least $110 million is n eeded for the
vailed. May it con t inue to hold together and
p revail for yea.rs to come.
school milk program this year if last
T he trouble followed the d emagogic pa t- year's 10 percent cut in the Federal r eimtern the coun try has now come to recognize bur sement rate is to be r estored. I insince this n o longer 1s one o! t hose p eculiar tend to fight bard for an additional $6
Southern problems.
But the fa mlllarlty of the pattern d oes n ot million for the program 1n a. supplement al appropriation bill. I fully believe
make It any less s hocking.
Atlanta so far has maintaine d a repu tation that this program ls essential to the
for law and or der , and the determina tion of health and welfare of our children as the
the mayor t.o keep this repu tation could n ot maternal and child welfare program. I
be more o bvious.
inten d to see that it 1s properly funded.
THE NEED F OR REGULATING THE
WIDE-OPEN TR.AFFICKING OF
F ffiEARMS IN INTERSTATE COMMERCE
Mr. DODD. Mr . President, the records of this Congress include volumes of
testimony on the need for regulating the
wide- open t rafficking of firearms in int erstate commerce.
··
The bulk of t hose volumes are public
hearings conducted by t h e Judiciary
Subcommit tee on Juvenile Delinquency
of wh ich I am chairman. The purpose pf
th ose hearings was to determine whether
or not there was a need for the Federal
Government to strengthen its own gun
laws, and if possible, to aid the several
St ates in making t h eir statutes more
enforceable.
The resul ts of our inquiry, Sen a te bill
1592 is now awaiting the a ction of the
J udiciary Com.m.ittee.
I had hoped that the full Senate would
have h ad the opportunity to vote on the
measure before now, but the minority
opposing any improvement in our gun
laws bas succeeded in blocking Sen ate
action,.
.
Th e gun lobby h as been most effective.
Leading the opposition to a law that
would thwart criminals, dr ug addicts
and mental patients hell-bent on armin g themselves is the National Rifle Association , a tax-free group of some 750,000 members whose m ost r ecent slogan
is "America needs m ore straight sbootters."
In ea.5y- to-understand language a lobbyist is any person or group who seeks
the passage or defea t of any legislation
in the Con gress of the United States.
However, though n ot a lobby under the
law, the NRA's an tigun legislation philosophy 1s adopted and followed by
registered lobbyists 8,lllong them, for instance, the gun industry.
On August 14, 1966, on the Frank McG ee Repor t on the NBC Television Net work, an NRA spokesman described its
nonlobbying activities of the NRA in this
way :
A teletype in t he legislative suite receives
r eports f rom state capitals. Whenever a.
state la wmaker introduces a gun control bill
the informa tion is q uickly fed to this office .
By " this office" the spokesmap meant
t he upper r eaches of the m ulti- milliondollar national headquarters of the Nation al Rifle Association in downtown
Washington , D.C.
Mr. P r esident, at the conclusion of my
r emarks, I would like th e text of the
Frank McGee report printed in the CONGRESSIO NAL RECORD .
The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without
objection, it is so ordered.
<See exhibit 1.)
Mr. DODD. Mr. P resident, consistent
with the nonlobby image it spends into
the seven figures each year to pr oject,
on Septem ber 1, 1966, the NRA shelled
out almost $ 10,000 for full page ads in
the Wasbin'gton Post and the New Yor k
Times throwing its weight behind "enforceable measures to keep firearms
from irresponsibles, incompetents, and
ciiminals," amongst other things .
The advertisemen t was discussed at
some length in the September 9, 1966,
�BENJAMIN H. OEHLERT, JR.
�COMMITl'EES:
CHARLES LONGSTREET WELTNER
BANKING AND CURRENCY
FIFTH DISTRICT, GEORGIA
UNAMERICAN ACTIVITIES
SMALL BUSINESS
WAS HINGTON OFF'ICE:
17.24 LONGWORTH BUI LDING
TELEPHONE,
.2.25-3801
cteongrtss of tbt Wnittb ~tatts
J,ou5e of l\epre5entatibes
mta~ington, :ill).~. 20515
DISTRICT OFF ICE :
32.7 OLD POST O FFICE
ATLANTA
30303
TELEPHONE, 5.23-5041
ar---- H ouse of Repres~ntatives WEDNE DAY, SEPTEM BER 7, · 196 ATLANTA STRIFE (Mr. WELTNER asked and was given permission to address the House for 1 minu te and to revise and extend his remarks.) Mr. WELTNER. Mr . Speaker, I join with ot h er citizens of At lan ta in com mending the prompt action and cou rage of Mayor Allen in quelling the dist urba nces of recent hours. Once again , h e h as demonstra ted that high caliber of leadership which has ea rned for him a national reputation. I a m cer tain t h at all but a minute fraction of our citizenry view wit h a bhorrence the strife and violence that has m arred our city. No grievance--real or fa.ncied-can justify mob action and insurrection. No conditions--however grim- can justify massed assa ults u pon law enforcement officers and fellow citizens. The question comes in determining proper courses of public action to preven t future outbreaks. Obviously, t he first duty is the pr otection of th e persons and p roperty of inn ocent citizens by the p rompt an d full a pplication of t he police power. Again, Mayor Allen deserves credit for h is personal direction of the matter. Second, all persons fl'Uilty of law violations-in fomenting disorder, or in committing assaults-must be prosecuted and, upon conviction, punished. Lastly, our need is leadersh ip. We n eed leadership for con struct ive action in t h e extension of opportunities. And we need leadership against the dest ructive action of "black power." F or despite quibbling over meanings, that term is consistently used as a call for violence and a summons t o disorder. Thus our n eed is for leadership throughout our community, and particularly among elected Negro officials. Men and women of good will, determined to continue the rem arkable achievements of Atlan ta, will n ot be deterred from that goal by the few In our midst who would h < progress 1n the name of demagogue, y- be it white or black. ��0 SYMBOLS DL = 0-.. y Letter NL= Night Letter R . W . McFA L L PRESIDENT LT-Interna.tion rd - Lener T clcgr:im , '.c telegrams is LOCAL TIME at poir.t of orisin. Time of receipt is LOCAL TIME at point of destination ·A LLA41 NL PO ATLANTA GA 9 MAYOR IVAN ALLEN JR CITY HALL ATLA HAVE JUST RETURNED FROM VACATION WANT YOU TO -KNOW THAT YOU ARE HIGHLY . RESPECTED lN NEW AS WELL AS AT HOME FOR YOUR COURAGE AND RESTRAINT HOPE YOU WILL VISIT WITH US AGAIN ON "DATELINE-ATLANTA" JACK WALSH WAII TV ATLANTA • SF1201(R2-65) �~ __ _;____._ 8- I , ��������ES E 112~ £ST'SEP ·A LLC162 PD 12 1048A EST CITY HALL LL ATL.A llWfK YOU IHO NRS ALLEN FOR TKE YIS IT Y'OU PAID tit NI) !'IRS NORA VORNE'A ANO ALSO NRS NORA VRIQKT THINK IT VAS SO KINl Q=' YOO - BILL II.AK£ ' -. --1 ·' I _,;,,--/7 12.0\ ..... . -:- 12 7 0 ( 1-5 1 ) - ��Louuht't !lay d; \Je..tte.r ll'\, IVOYdg oP ttt~ \itibt the-gi beBu.tq\.tL wor&.s whoge, Aulhor'G it11k1,tow11, I OWYI, �"();\(,\jOor/ frie~~g walk bMir/e ~i @'rt -1:~e, tl".ai,L l~at we muQt kee,p 1 (9ur burd_e,~g gtO\l ~ ~_£ J1Llj , cA11.a Hv: k_tL1A ,are, not GO ~tetp, - -- --- ~e, welj Wl.ilo; p.agc ~wi,ft3, 1akeJI\. i.Y\,a.jo~ou.~ gtyi4_e,) J~a ~tl th.~ wort~ ~el»1,~ bvj~Jer 'W~e'l fri.t>1~Q w:ilk ~ ouriuli / _ , /'l . ~ LJ...L v--<.:._ Lr~~; )~ /(2./; ( j .._,.l/1/~ I r Jd_ I___;2 . . ~ ,& ~ ~ ~ ~I ~ h .~ r-~'::'JJ ' '--2.etlv, ~ ., ~ 0,? v20 ~~ - - ~' t~ �E3UZZR , CRl=lDDZD ANAHEIM CALIFORNI A �HERBERT R. BORGES 2102 LENO X ROAD, N. E. ATLANTA, GA. 30324 September 12, 1966 Mayor Ivan Allen, Jr. City Hall Atlanta, Ga. Dear MD. Mayor: I want you to know how much I admire your actions and personal courage during these last few days. I mn grateful indeed that Atlanta has you to guide her through the present difficulties. If there is any way in which I could be of assistance, please let me know. Very trul~ yours, �I • • ·. •.• . . •..• • ·.•. • ... . AL WAYS · USE ZIP ~ ��Several hundred demonstrators were forced to stand on Dexter Ave1me in front of the State Capitol at Montgomery. On the night of March 10, 1965, these demonstrators, who knew that once they left the area they would not be able to return, urinated en masse in the street on the signal of James Forman, SNCC ExecJJtiVe Director. "All right," Forman shoute<)l, "Everyone stand up and relieve yourself." Almost everyone did. Some arrests were made of men who went to obscene extremes in exposing themselves to local police officers. �The True SELMA Story Albert C. (Buck) Persons has lived in Birmingham, Alabama for 15 years. As a stringer for LIFE and managing editor of a metropolitan weekly newspaper he covered the Birmingham demonstrations in 1963. On a special assignment for Congressman William L. Dickinson of Alabama he investigated the Selma-Montgomery demonstrations in March, 1965. In 1961 Persons was one of a handful of pilots hired to support the invasion of Cuba at the Bay of Pigs. His story on this two years later led to the admission by President Kennedy that four American flyers had died in combat over the beaches of Southern Cuba in an effort to drive Fidel Castro from the armed Soviet garrison that had been set up 90 miles off the coast of the United States. After interviewing scores of people who were eye-witnesses to the Selma-Montgomery march, Mr. Persons has written the articles published here. In summation he says, "The greatest obstacle in the Negro's search for "freedom" is the Negro himself and the leaders he has chosen to follow. CONTENTS Page 2 Black Kni_g ht of the Civil Rights Movement In ten short years Martin Luther King has risen to a · position of leadership and political influence never before approached by a Negro in America. Many people in both races today question his associations and his ultimate goals. Down what road ,is King leading his race in the United States - is it toward freedom, or is it back into slavery? Sex and Civil Rights - The True Selma Story Page 4 Was the widespr.ead misbehavior prevalent on the Selma-to-Montgomery march onlyto-be-expected youthful protests against established mores, or was it an integral part of the planned demonstration, calculated to provoke and to incite. Here are sworn statements of eye-witnesses. Bayard and Ralph, Just a Couple of the Boys Page 13 In a so-called Christian movement morality would seem to play an important part. Here are the unsavory police and court records of the leaders of the civil rights movement. How "Images" Are Created Page 16 A photograph, which stops a split-second of action, can say anything an editor wants it to say. Here is the story, by a LIFE "stringer" of how the Birmingham " image" was created. Page 20 Martin Luther King and Communism The complete files of a Communist front organization were taken in a raid in New Orleans. These files are a documented record of more than 25 vears of subversive activity, mostly in the field of civil rights. They offer conclusive· evidence of Martin Luther King's Jong and intimate association with known Com1:11unist Party mem~ers working in an organization which was set up by the Commumst Party of the Uluted States· for the express purpose of subverting the civil rights movement in the South. Copy rig ht I 965 - Esco Publ ishers, Inc. - Birmin gham, A labama �Black Knight Of The Civil Rights Movement Selma and Montgomery, Alabama, were visited in March, 1965 by thousands of sincere people who believed that they participated irt a holy crusade for human dignity and civil rights. Among these thousands were priests, nuns, ministers and reU::ious leaders from throughout the nation. They came, they believed, to bear witness to Christ's admonition that "In as · much as ye have done it unto one of the least of th~se my bretheren, ye have done it unto me."
* ·~ * *
Selma, however, was neither inspired
nor created by these well motivated and
sincere thousands. The fact that they
believed they were right, the fact that a
civil rights cause, per se, which inspired
their presence in Selma may be just, the
fact that their motives were beyond reproach, does nothing to mitigate the fact
that they were misguided. Selma and
Montgomery were targets chosen by the
leaders of civil rights organizations in
a long range campaign to exploit the
travails of a minority group in this
country. The leadership, the direction
and the control of the civil rights movement is in the hands of those who organize and run the communist conspiracy to subjegate the entire world.
This conspiracy we recognize as a threat
to the peace and security of the worldand we fight hard against it all over
the world. It is also a threat to the
peace and security of this nation, and
it operates among other places here in
this country behind the cover of the
civil rights movement. It is a· good
cover. Dr. Martin Luther King, head of
the Southern Christian Leadership Conference , one of the sponsors of the
TWO
Selma - Montgomery demonstration, has
even persuaded the President of the
United States to parrot the catch-phrase
"we shall overcome" before a joint session of the U. S. Congress. King has
been awarded the Nobel Peace Prize.
Any attack on King today is ·almost automatically assumed to be an attack on
the Negro's search for justice, freedom
and equality. The truth is, however,
Martin Luther King is .tied directly to
a communist conspiracy whic_h is aimed
at destroying every vestige of human
dignity, individual freedom and, incidentally, civil rights.
.,. * * * *
W h e n an Alabama Congressman,
William L. Dickinson, attacked tl:ie
moral degeneracy which characterized_
the behavior of a hard-core element of
demonstrators who participated in the
Selma-to-Montgomery march, he was,
himself, widely attacked for his protest.
When he said that men dressed as
clergymen participated in these activities, he was attacked for smearing the
church. He was called a liar and accused of spreading "garbage." The
"garbage" was not of the Congressman's
making, but it was there . It was there
by design. It was an integrnl part of
the whole operation, and it was calculated to incite and to provoke. These
are not s i m p 1y youthful protestors
against established mores. These are
professional and semi-professional agitators who know what they are doing. If
they, and the insufferable indignities
they inflict on the decent people in the
communities where they appear, were
not desired in the civil rights movement
it would take only a word from Dr. King
to have them removed. Dr. King did
not give the word in Selma. Nor will
he in Boston, Washington, San Francisco
or wherever he decides to strike next.
People in towns and citi!l,', which are
future targets for King and his "movement" should prepare themeselves for
the debauchery, drunkeness and open,
promiscuous sexual activity which occurred in Selma and Montgomery.
~ *
)c
What the people of the United States
must learn is that no honest person in
the South today will deny that Negroes
in this country have been the victims
of prejudice, discrimination and injustice. No honest person in the South today will deny the Negro's right to full
citizenship, equal opportunity and an
end to personal indignities they have
been subjected to in the past because
of tl}eir race and color. And no one in
the United States today should fail to
recognize that because the Negro's cause
is just and his protest legitimate, both
he and the white Southerner are particularly attractive victims for those who
would use this cause, and this protest,
for their own divisive purposes. Dr.
Martin Luther King is one of these.
This black knight sits astride the white
horse of the civil rights movement. And
Dr. King, if he is not checked will ride
'
it to its death.
~**
" Non-violence" is not Dr. King's weapon. Non-violence would actually destroy King-if he allowed it to prevail.
Violence is King's weapon. He must
have it. Violence and civil disorder are
King's meat and bread. It is what sustains him. He uses it to divide the South
�from the rest of the nation. And in his
efforts he has had a big assist from the
national press and other communications
medja. Today, almost anywhere in the
world, the name " Birmingham" automatically calls to mind vicious police
dogs, thug cops, bombs, and firehoses
mowing down innocent Negro children
on the city streets. This " image" is as
phony as a three-dollar bill. In Birmingham, and Alabama, there are violent uncontrollable elements of society.
These are not peculiar to Alabama.
There are large prison populations in
every state in the Union which attest to
the fact that there are violent and uncontrollable members of society in every
state . The problem is one which involves frailties of human nature, uncontrollable itself. It is not a problem
created by some ba.sic bestiality confined to members of the white race who
live below the Mason-Dixon Line.
According to the results of recent polls only. a small percentage of people in the United States outside the South believe that Negroes can register to vote in the South. Martin Luther King says Negroes can't register and, unfortunately, most of the nation's press media goes right along with him in support of his "voter registration drive" - without attempting to learn the facts . The truth is King's drive in Selma and the Black Belt counties of Alabama is a drive to register every illiterate in the statewhich happens to be a violation of the laws of the State of Ala bam a, just as it is a violation in many other states outside the South. King is already beginning to talk Martin Luther King and James Forman, Executive Director of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee during the Selma-Montgomery demonstrations. The hand at the right is that of a demonstrator who is attempting to unfurl for clearer identification the United Nations flag. Many people object to King's use of the United Nations flag in his demonstrations as reflecting his new emphasis on the civil rights movement as a world-wide "class struggle." about the civil rights movement as a part of a world-wide " class struggle ." He also suggests -we should pull out of Viet Nam . Next he will probably have something to say about the Dominican Republic and Cuba. When he does, it's a safe bet that his recommendations will follo w a line which serves best the interests of the communist conspiracy . But then why not ? For years King has been on intimate terms, and has worked closely, with people and organizations dedicated to the communist cause .
The churches and churchmen, (the biggest single threat to communist ambitions throughout the world ) when they lend their support to King, should consider carefull y the garden path down which they are being led . In a time of much physical insecurity a nd spiritual uncertainty, clergymen must often feel a sense of inadequacy to meet the growing demands of their calling. The place to correct this, however , is at home- not in the ranks of King's marchers in Selma, Alabama. In Montgomery, late in February, 1964, Nobel Peace Prize winner Martin Luther King had this to say: "To the State of Alabama and its people , you had better fasten your seat belts. There will be no peace or tranquility until the Negro has had his conquest. .. " In Birmingham, in the summer of 1963, Martin Luther King was asked by a young white man (one of King's supporters who feared for his physical safety in forthcoming planned demonstrations) if he, King, thought it would be necessary for him to take an active part in the planned demonstrations. Dr. King said it ·was not necessary. "You don 't have to demonstrate," King said. "We ·don 't want you to. We have enough idiots out there to take care of all that ."
,:,
For sheer hypocrisy there has been nothing equal to Dr. Ma rtin Luther King since Judas Iscariot. THREE �NO BOOZE? N B C commentator Charles Quinn testified at length on the Huntley - Brinkley program that .there had been no drinking in evidence on the Selma-to-Montgomery march . Quinn said that he had accompanied the marchers all the way. The only evidence he saw was one beer can -and that was his own. Not that it makes all that much difference, but just to keep the record straight, and Mr. Quinn along with it, the pictures on this page were taken at the Montgomery Municipal Airport on the night of March 28 (following the ,departure from Montgomery of thousands of demonstrators who had gathered in front of the State Capitol earlier in the · afternoon . The case of Scotch W hi s k e y, incidentaliy, was empty. SIX �? Here, however, for those who are willing to accept the kind of evidence which 1s accepted in our courts, are some of the affidavits of people who were on the spot and have taken oath that what they state is the truth.
AFFIDAVIT My name is Mrs . Nettie Adams, and live at 3555 Prince George Drive in Montgomery, Alabama. I am now and have been a member of the City Police Department of Montgomery for over five (5 ) years. On March 15 , 1965, at about 9:30 P.M., my husband and I were returning home from my mother's home at 622 South Hull Street. We knew that there had been some trouble with demonstrators at High and Jackson Streets. We took Adams Street to avoid this, but as we approached Adams· and Ripley Streets, we noticed a crowd of people. We stopped to see what was going on. There were white" and Negro people all over the Ripley Street side of St. Margaret's I ? ? Hospital and across the street, between Price's Drug Store and Powell Electric Company. They were all kissing and hugging. This one particular couple on St. Margaret's lawn was engaged in sexual relations, a· white woman (a skinny blonde ) and a Negro man. After they were through, she wiggled out from beneath him and over to the man lying to the left of them on the lawn and started kissing and caressing his face . At this point, a detective's car pulled up nex.t to the group over by Price's Drug Store, and my husbartd said, "Let's get out of here; this is no place for a man to have his wife." We left immediately.
*
The day they marched on the Courthouse, the policewomen had to work
traffic downtown, and after a few hours
my husband came down and he ,and I
went into Chris' Hog Dog Stand for a
coffee break. When we came out, two
of the other ladies went in for a break.
Just as they went inside, a group came
from the Courthouse, hollering and
carrying on, saying, "We are Communists and we belong to the John Birch
Society." They stopped in front of Chris'
and this red-haired woman and Negro
man started making love and embracing one another, as if they wanted someone to try and stop them . I stayed there
because I was afraid they were going in
Chris' and I wanted to be able to call
for help. I didn't want our two policewomen or anyone to get hurt.
On March 31, the day they had the
funeral to place the ten coffins on the
Capitol steps, I was placed at the intersection of Wilkerson and Montgomery
Streets to hold the traffic . As they
passed me, they started laughing real
loud and some of them hollered, "She's
a segregationist, you can tell ; she just
looks like one." At one time during the
day, before the parade started, there
was a crowd gathering on the Dexter
Avenue Bap-tist Church steps and in
front of the church. A Negro boy· was
lying backwards across the hood of a
SEVEN
_I
�The interesting thing about the human race is that it comes in so many different sizes and shapes. Here is a good cross
section at Montgomery in the persons of some of the demonstrators who took part in the mar ch from Selma. The boots are
not recommended hiking equipment.
EIGHT
�car parked in front of the church and
a white girl was leaning over him from
the other side of the car, kissing him
about the face .
About 5:30 that evening, March 31,
a group of Negroes coming from the
demonstration was in the second block
of Dexter Avenue. They started yelling
all together, " Them white sons of
bitches , we will cut their asses off." I
called for a patrol car. They were
headed for the first block of Dexter,
and just as they got to the corner they
started singing r eal loud, " We Shall
Overcome," and " We Want Our Freedom, and We Want It This Year." The
officer working the first block of Dexter,
M. E . Furr, noticed them and began to
follow them. They split up. He followed
a group of four into H. L. Green's and
back out. By this time, the patrol car
was there and we approached them and
told them they were under arrest. There
were three (3) juveniles and one adult,
Babette Hadley, 26 years old, who lived
on Ludie Street in Montgomery. Babette
Hadley started fighting Officer Rodgers,
saying that she wasn 't getting in that
damned car ; he would have to kill her
first and she was ready to die for the
cause. She had an umb rella and was
swinging it at him. He took it away
from her and put her in the car . After
she got to jail, they discovered that she
was drinking. I called the jail to see
if she had made . bond or if I would have to go to court the next morning. I
talked with Security Officer Lawr ence
who said that she had not made bond'.
I told him that it looked as though I
would be in court the next morning. He
said, " Yes, if she sobers up enough."
I stated that I had not known that she
was drinking, since I had been warned
by my supervisors not to get close and
risk getting hurt, but that I knew that
she was acting strangely. He said that
she was drunk. I called Chief Lackey,
because I knew that he had been tied
up at the Capitol that day and probably
did not know about this arrest. He said
that he didn 't know about it and would
call the jail. I later called the jail and
.talked with Sgt. Grady Arnette. He told
me that Chief Lackey had called and
that she had quieted down and made a
phone call , and that she would probably
make t: wnd . I asked him if she was
drunk, a nd he told me that she was
dri nking quite a bit. She didn't i;nake
bond and was charged with disorderly
conduct and fined $25 and costs in court
the next morning.
I also worked at the jail two nights
when we had to make quite a few
arrests . I shook down the women pris-
oners, and most of them had no underpants on .
(sl NETTIE ADAMS
Sworn to and subscribed before me
this 3rd day of April, 1965.
(s l Albert Marvin, Sr.
Notary Public
My commission expires 1-18-67.
:j: * *· *
AFFIDAVIT
My name is ------------------------· I am a
Negro thirty-two years old and a lifelong resident of Montgomery, Alabama .
I live at._ _____ _______________ Street in Montgomery. I am employed at ------------------·
During a three-day period which I
believe to be around March 8, 9, and
10, 1965, a great many people began to
arrive in Montgomery to demonstrate
here and to get ready for the march
from Selma to Montgomery. During this
period, I was frequently in and around
the Ben Moore Hotel , a Negro hotel at
902 Highland Avenue, which was headquarters of the Student Non-violent Coordinating Committee on the corner of
J ackson and High Streets. Many of the
outside demopstrators stayed at the Ben
Moore Hotel and in the neighborhood .
One man whom I saw freque_ntly during
this period was dressed as a priest. I
was later told by a SNCC staff worker,
whose name was Randy, that this
priest's name is Lennon Sweat, and that
he is from Philadelphia. When I saw
him he was usually drinking wine or
whiskey in company with Negro boys
and girls . On one occasion, I saw him
go into the back room at SNCC headquarters with a Negro girl. I saw them
begin to take their clothes off. I did not
see what they did. Later the girl told
me that this priest, Sweat, had paid her
· $12. I, myself, had seen this priest hand
the girl some money before they went
back .
SNCC headquarters. was located in a
building with a large room up front
which was used for an office. Off this
room , in back, was a smaller room in
which were about twelve to fifteen canvas cots. During the period l am talking a bout, men and women .u sed this
room fo r sex freely and openly and without interfe rence. On one occasion, I saw
J ames F orman, Executive Director of
SNCC, and a red-haired white girl whose
name is R achel, on one of the cots together. They engaged in sexual inter course, as well as an a bnormal sex act
which consisted of each of the two
manipulating the other's private parts
with their mouths simul taneously. Forman and the girl, Rachel, made no
effort to hide their actions .
During this same period, March 8,
9 and 10, a large number of young dem-
onstrators of both races and sexes occupied the J a c k s o n Street Baptist
Church for approximately forty - eight
hours. These were not members of the
church, or at least most of them were
not, but people who had come from out
of town. J would estimate that there
were at least two hundred involved. In
spite of pleas from the minister and
other members of the church, these people would not leave. I saw young boys
and girls drinking beer and whiskey in
the church and having wild parties in
general. They left the bottles and cans
all over the church. I saw numerous
instances of boys and girls of both races
hugging and kissing and fondling one
another openly in the church. On one
occasion, I saw a Negro boy and a white
girl engaged in sexual intercourse on the
floor of the church. At this time the
church was packed and the couple did
nothing to hide their actions. While they
were engaged in this act of sexual intercourse, other boys and girls stood
around and watched, laughing and joking.
This statement, which I make freely
and of my own accord, and which has
been read back to me, represents incidents which I have personally witnessed .
Subscribed and sworn to this
day of April , 1965.
Signed.
Notary Public.
~:
AFFIDAVIT My name is James Duke. I am a Captain in the Sheriff's Office of Montgomery County, Alabama, and I reside at 516 Forest Hills Dr., Montgomery, Alabama . On March 10, 1965, at approximately 1 : 20 p.m., I , in my official capacity as a Captain of the Sheriff's Office, along with other law officers of the City of Montgomery and the State of Alabama, was on duty on Dexter Avenue in Montgomery, Alabama. in the block as it ends at the front door of the Alabama State Capitol Building. A group of demonstrators arrived and were prevented from going any fur ther in their march to the State Capitol than this particular block. ·T hese demonstrators, numbering more than two hund red were told to leave and disperse but the; sat down and laid down in the s treet. For the next few hours a gond many of the demonstrators began to drift away,, singly and in small groups. By 8:00 p.m . that night some 100 were left. The group was composed of a racially mixed crowd of both sexes, and included adul ts as well as juveniles . At approximately 8:00 one of the leaders, a colored man whose name I can not recall but NINE.: __ j �It's fifty miles from Selma to Montgomery, Alabama . The road is paved, and hard, all the way. This group of marchers looks as if they had walked every inch of the way. whom I believe myself a ble to .identify from existing photos if necessary, stood and announced in a loud voice to the crowd " E veryone sta nd and relieve your s e Iv es. " Practically the entire crowd in every mi xture of a ge, sex, and color rose and a large number exposed themselves atid urinated in the streets. I would li ke to point out tha t thi s area is within the Sta te Capitol compl ex and at the hea d of the ma in street of Montgomery, Ala bama , a nd is fair ly well lighted. Urine began to course clown the street in sma ll streams a nd into the gutters a nd ran almost to the next block. Two colored men were arrested fo r indecent exposure for pa rticula rly lewd a nd offensive exposure of their pri vate parts. The demo nstrators foun d it necessary to ta ke their placards and signs to sit on after this conduct. The resu lting odor became so offensive in a few hou r:; that we had to get up-wind in order to Escape the smell. I might acid that I saw kissing, hugging, a nd fond ling between mi xed sexes a nd races . At a roun d 1: 35 a .m. on Ma rc h 11 , 1965, more tha n 12 hours after their a rr iva l, a cold dnzzling ra in bega n a nd the entire crowd dispersed. TEN (s ) JAMES DUKE Sworn a nd subscribed to before me, George W. Dean, Jr., a Notary in and for said State and County, thi s ·5th day of April , 1965.
STATE OF ALABAMA, COUNTY OF DALLAS: Befor e me, undersigned a uthority , in a nd fo r sa id State a nd County, persona lly ai:; peared Ha rold Sewell and being by me first duly sworn on oath, deposes a nd says: On Marc h 5, 1965 , a nd severa l days thereafter , my waitress in our dining room did ser ve several mixed drinks to priests a nd mi nisters in our restaurant . Thi s was a mixed group of Negroes a nd whites from out of tow n. Over about two and one ha lf hour period , this gr oup was louder tha n the ordina ry with their conve rsation. Thi s is a true statement to the best of my knowledge . (sl HAROLD SEWELL Swo rn to a nd subscribed befo re me this the 7th cl ay of April , 1965. (sl ,JUD ERNEST HEWSTON. JR. No ta ry P ublic. AFFIDAVIT My name is Cecil H. Atkinson, and I reside on Allenville Road in Prattville, being employed with the Continental Gin Company in Prattville. I do hereby swear under oath and under penalty of perjury that the followin g facts are true a nd accura te in every respect to my own persona l knowledge: My wife and I drove to Selma on Sunday , the day the m arch was to begin . We saw many people taking pictures of the church , a nd it appeared that everything was very order ly and ni ce. We tried to drive by Brown 's Chapel where the Negroes were assembled, but the street was blocked off. We pa rked at the corner of Broa d a nd Water Streets a nd sat a nd waited for the ma r ch to begin. At approxima tely 11 a. m ., we obser ved a n a m bulance arri ve at Brown's Chapel and depart shortly t hereafter, going toward Montgom ery, with sirens a nd blinking red lights in operation . The peop le in the car next to ours were ve ry dist ressed about the condition of the nuns who were tak ing part in the march. These people were Episcopa lians a nd fro m St. Louis. Missouri, �,. and had heard that some of their own church people were taking part in the march. The general appearance of the marchers was disgraceful, m o s t of the marchers which we saw were Negroes, but the white men a nd women who were mixed in with them were holding hands and arms with them. We watched for King to come by, but never did see him walk by. When he came by he was riding in a station wagon, and the station wagon rode along with the marchers and I observed King getting out of it several times. Between Selma and the first stop I observed both men and women relieving themselves in public, all together and making no a ttempt to conceal themselves at a ll. At the rest stop, I saw King sitting by the side of the road. A man walked up .to him and ha nded him a slip of paper , which seemed to concern King greatly. He said, " We'll take care of this at the next rest stop. " At one point I observed a young beatnik-type man with his collar turned around to r esemble a priest. He told me that it was "the way to get a long." Another told me that he had been offered $15 a day, 3 meals a day, and ail the sex he could handle if he would come down and join in the demonstration from the North. It appeared that the demonstrators were making every effort to stir up some sort of trouble. At one point, one of the marchers said to me, " Get out of the way, you white bastard." They were making other similar remarks to others sta nding a long the street. (s l CECIL H. ATKINSON Subscribed to and sworn before me this 10th day of April, 1965. (s) Chauncy D. Wood Notary Public, State at Large Expiration date Nov. 17, 1965.
*
AFFIDAVIT
I , Lionel Freema n, a Captain in the
Alabama State Troopers, in Huntsville,
Alabama, do swea r and affirm, under
oath, and under penalty of perjury that
the following events happened or actually occurred in my presence and to
my own personal knowledge while on
duty out of Huntsville in Selma, Alabama, from March 9th through March
16th:
During the march, or attempted
march, from Selma to Montgomery on
March 9, 196~, myself and the men
under my command were stationed
along the north side of the road just
east of Pettus Bridge. While the march
was stopped in the highway, one of the
white beatniks, with a goatee, told one
of my troopers who was standing only
a few feet from me that he was being
paid $10 per day, 3 meals, and all the
Negro p - - - he wantea." This same
beatnik was observed for the next eight
(8) days in Selma acting as some sort
of leader around Sylvan Street, where
the street · demonstration was going on.
He was in the company of a white girl
part of the time and a Negro girl part
time. The next time I saw him after
The student Non-violent Coordinating Committee, one of the organizations sponsoring the march from Selma to Montgomery,
works on campuses throughout the nation to influence students and young people to become active in the civil r ights movement and in participating in demonstrations. Here are some of the students_ who participated in the demonstrations in Alabama
last March. The undergraduate in the center carries a school sweater with the letter "H" emblazoned on it. Perhaps he is
a Harvard undergrad.
ELEVEN
�L
Selma was when he came up Dexter
Avenue on March 18th .
While at the Sylvan Street "Berlin
Rope, " I and many others observed
smooching and lovemaking between Negroes a nd whites. A n e w s reporter
called me over to the side of the street
and pointed to a couple just to the rear
of the group sta nding in -the street, a
mixed couple, were in the act of having sexual relations. About this time,
a priest broke it up and had the couple
come up to the " Rope." It didn't seem
to bother any of the three and soon
were all gone from the front of the line.
On Saturday, March 13, they had an
extra la rge crowd of both white and
Negroes in the streets. They atte!IJpted
to scatter and go around the blockade.
One Negro who was standing beside a
priest, a nd both standing about three
feet from a line of Troopers , made several attempts to provoke a Trooper into
hitting him . The Negro waved three
dollar bills in the Trooper's face and
then dropped them , saying " Why don't
you pick them up, I know you need
it. " During this time, the priest just
grinned. The Negro man then said "I'll
sleep with a white woman tonight." The
priest seemed to think this was real
funny . The priest and Negro would
whisper back and forth a nd then laugh
out loud . I ove rheard three beatniks
talking, saying that they had been in
Clevela nd, Berkley, California and Harlem, and had come directly to Selma to
join in the demonstrations there.
On the afternoon of March 8th, at
about 6 p.m ., as we were turning onto
U. S. 80 a t the intersection of Alabama
21 , which is in downtown Selma , I ,
along with 30 of my men saw two men
dressed as priests a nd four young Negro girls walk across U . S. 80. The
priests were holding ha nds with two
Negro girls each . The Rev. Reeb was
beaten about two or three hours later.
One tall priest was observed for several days around Sylvan Street, always
in the compa ny of a Negro girl of a bout
sixteen years of age . Anytime you saw
one you saw the other , a nd usually they
were holding ha nds . .They were in the
m arch to the Courthouse in Selma on
Monday, March 15. They went to a nd
from the County Courthouse in Selma
on Monday, March 15. They went to
a nd fro m the County Courthouse holding hands.
On the night of March 16, at 10 p.m .,
a group of thirty-fou r (34 ) men, mostiy
dressed as priests, came from a Negro
church in Montgomery to the fro nt of
the Capitol. They st a t e d that they
wa nted to get on the Capitol step3 to
hold a " P rayer-Service. " They were to ld
TWELVE
that they could hold their service on
the walk but not on the steps. They
stayed until 3 a .m., insisting that they
be allowed up on the Capitol grounds.
After about thirty minutes , the news
media were told to get out of the street
and they moved across the street. Some
of the men claiming to be priests
cursed like sailors during these five
hours . At 3 a.m ., when they started to
leave, two photographers, apparently
in their employment, c a m e running
across the street. One of the men
dressed as a priest said, " You stupid
son-of-a-bitch , after all this time here
you didn't get a picture of us saying a
prayer on the bottom step." They were
allowed to kneel on the bottom step in
attempt to get rid of them.
During the eight days in Selma, several newspaper men who were allowed
to go to the rear of the demonstration
crune back up to the front and told us
they observed white and Negro couples
in_the act of sexual relations . They told
us that they had sent the story and pictures home to their papers. One told
me that the only thing he recognized
about his story when it was printed was
his name . He had asked to be allowed
to leave the Selma area but was refused by his paper .
A Jewish rabbi who was on the five
hour stand at the Capitol was contacted
by a Trooper in a barber shop the next
day . The rabbi stated that the leaders
had lied to him . He stated that, " They
told m e we'd only be at the Capitol
for ty-five minutes at the moi;;t, but after
getting there they wanted. to remain
all night." He said further, " They want
(Continued on Page 28 )
-
~~is gentleman marched all the way from Sel!'1a to Montgomery-accommodating
l,1mself to the u~s_eas~nably hot weather. He 1s a Canadian student who took advant~ge of the civil rights march to accomplish some research for the Ph.D. he is
workmg on.
�nstration
l told us
couples
1'hey told
and pieOne told
icognized
nted was
allowed
was rethe five
ontacted
the next
leaders
, "They
Capitol
mt after
remain
ey want
Bayard and Ralph
Just A
Couple Of
The Boys
,,
wdating
ook ad>. he is
Negroes in Birmingham were asked to kneel as Martin Luther King and Ralph
Abernathy walked past during demonstrati.ons in Birmingham in 1963. Assistants
preceded the two Negro !eaders with exhortations, "Here he comes. Here comes
the King of Kings."
W h e n the march from Selma to
Montgomery started on Sunday, March
21, it was joined by clergymen and
church leaders from across the land.
They had come to join a crusade for
human dignity and civil rights. They,
and thousands of others, believed that
their participation in this massive demonstration helped to dramatize a long
overdue protest by Negroes against injustice, discrimination, suppression of
their constitutional rights as citizens,
and a denial of their fundamental dignity as human beings. For many it
was an exalted and emotional experience without parallel in their lives.
Perhaps it is only natural, therefore, that when voices are raised in
protest against these demonstrations.
They seemed to be raised in · defense
of " police brutality," discrimination,
suppression of human rights and denial
of civil liberty. This is not true.
Churchmen, who have been called
to devote their lives to the teachings
of Christ, may· want to ask themselves
this question : If their efforts over the
past 2,000 years have been inadequate
to the task of eliminating man's inhumanity to man, how do they think
marching from Selma to Montgomery
is going to get the job done? Whatever the answer, the fact is there remains a faint and distasteful residue
of doubt in many minds concerning
the propriety of · the widespread participation by clergymen in the SelmaMontgomery activities. For many, no
doubt, Selma was a form of self-expression, an outlet for their own frustrations-which is entirely understandable. What they fail to understand ,
however, is that their presence and
participation in Selma not only adds
substance a n d dignity to the civil
rights cause itself, but also to those
who use the cause, and the cloth, for
basically evil purposes of their own.
Two ,of these are Bayard Rustin and
Ralph Abernathy, the one a homosexual who solicits on city streets.
whose life's work is the subversion of
the moral fibre of the youth of America, and who led Martin Luther King
from obscurity to a position of such
eminence in the eyes of many of his
followers that they actually kneel when
THIRTEEN
�he walks past. The other is a minister,
the "dear and abiding friend " of Martin Luther King and his most intimate
associate in the civil rights movement,
and a man who hides behind the cloth
to seduce a 15-year-old member of his
church congregation.
One of the men who sat with Martin
Luther King on the stand at the Capitol in Montgomery is Bayard Rustin .
Rustin was an organizer for the Communist Party for 12 years. Later he
became head of the War Resistors
League , the U. S. branch of War Resistors International. The efforts of
this world-wide organization are devoted entirely to persuading and assisting young men to avoid military
service to their governments - which
activity, if not a direct attempt to overthrow the government, is at least an
indirect effort which, if successful, will
accomplish the same purpose.
Rustin had already reached a posi-~ 2.8;8.•A .{!?ex P.-rvorsion .
tion of prominence in his chosen field
of subversion in 1955 when he was
called on to go to Montgomery anrl
lend assistance to an obscure young
Baptist minister who had organized a
bus boycott in that city. Just who
".called upon" Rustin for this assignment is not clear. Rustin did leave
New York and for three years ga\·e
counsel ·and advice to Martin Luther
King. There is a widely held misconception that Bayard Rustin rose to eminence through his efforts as Martin
Luther King's executive secretary. Exactly the opposite is true . Rustin made
King.
Bayard Rustin is a homosexual with
a long police record. In this enlightened age we are neither surprised nor
concerned with a person's private sex
practices. When they cease to be private, however, they become offensive
and call into question a person's mental
balance and standards of values. This
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Pasadena, California p.olice report on arres t of Bayard Rustin and two men at 2:30
a.m .. January 21, 1953.
FOURTEEN
sort ·of thing was widely in evidence
th r o u g ho u t the Selma-Montgomery
demonstrations. Small wonder-if Rustin 's influence can be seen here. Rustin
himself was jailed in Pasadena , California for soliciting two men .on the
street and then engaging in a homosexual act while parked in a car on
one of the city's main thoroughfares.
The Pasadena Police report of this incident is reproduced on page 14.
We are not concerned with Ralph
Abernathy's private sex life. It should
be an entirely private and personal
matter. However, when a person's
standards of personal behavior are such
that he can be found being chased down
Dexter Avenue in Montgomery, Alabama by an outraged husband with an
axe in his hand; and we learn further
that this person seduced the wife of the
outraged husband when she was a 15year-old member of his church congregation, and that he has continued to
annoy her ever since-then there would
seem to be ligitimate cause for concern about the man's moral character
and personal standards, particularly if
he is one of the leaders of what purports to be a Christian movement.
Such a man is Ralph Abernathy. Here
is a transcript from the trial of Edward
Davis, a s c h o o 1 teacher in Butler
County, Alabama . This is case number 8741, State vs. Davis, in the Circuit Court of Montgomery County, Alabama , November Term, 1958, before
Judge Eugene W. Carter. Davis was
tried and acquitted on a charge of assault with attempt to mur der . Followi?~ is a transcript of the testimony
of V1v1an McCoy Davis. It is not pretty
reading but it should be instructive to
any who are interested in knowing in
what direction the civil rights movement may be moving.
*
VIVIAN McCOY DAVIS , having been
duly sworn, was examined and testified as follows:
Direct Examination
BY MR. KNABE:
Q. This is Vivian Davis?
A. Yes, I am.
Q. And what was your name before
you became Davis?
A. Vivian McCoy.
Q. Did you see the girl who was on
the stand just befo re you got on ?
A. Yes, I did.
Q. Now, who was she?
A. Ber nice Cooper Davis.
Q. Could you speak louder so these
gentlemen over her can hear it ?
A. Bernice Cooper Davis. She was
Bernice Cooper at that time.
�he walks past. The other is a minister,
the " dear and abiding friend" of Martin Luther King and his most intimate
associate in the civil rights movement,
and a man who hides behind the clotll
to seduce a 15-year -old member of his
church congregation .
One of the men who sat with Martin
Luther King on the stand at the Ca pitol in Montgomery is Bayard Rustin .
Rustin was an organizer for the Communist Party for 12 years. Later he
became head of the War Resistors
League, t he U. S. branch of War Resistors International. The efforts of
this world-wide organization are devoted entirely to persuading and assisting young men to avoid military
ser vice to their governments - which
activity, if not a direct attempt to overthrow the government, is at least an
indirect effo r t which, if successful , will
a ccomplish the same purpose.
Rustin had a lready reached a posi--~ 28_S-A _(~ex ~rvora1on_
c...•1- .,, r,, .....
tion of prominence in his chosen field
of subversion in 1955 when he was
called on to go to Montgomery and
lend assistance to an obscure young
Baptist minister who had organized a
bus boycott in that city. Just who
"_called upon " Rustin for this assignment is not clear . Rustin did leave
New York and for three years gave
counsel ·and advice to Martin Luther
King. There is a widely held misconception that Bayard Rustin rose to eminence through his efforts as Martin
Luther King's executive secretary. Exactly the opposite is true. Rustin made
King.
Bayard Rustin is a homosexual with
a long police record . In this enlightened age we are neither surprised nor
concerned with a person's private sex
practices. When they cease to be private, however, they become offensive
and call into question a person's mental
balance and standards of values. This
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J, e )
(~on~. )
Pasadena, California police report on arrest of Bayard Rustin and two men at 2:30
a.m .. January 21, 1953.
FOURTEEN
1
sort ·of thing was widely in evidence
th r o u g ho u t the Selma-Montgomery
demonstrations. Small wonder-if Rustin's influence can be seen here. Rustin
himself was jailed in Pasadena , California for soliciting two men .on the
street a nd then engaging in a homosexual act while parked in a car on
one of the city's main thoroughfares.
The Pasadena Police report of this incident is r eproduced on page 14.
We are not concerned with Ralph
Abernathy's private sex life. It should
be an entirely private and personal
matter. Howeyer, when a person's
standards of personal behavior are such
that he can be found being chased down
Dexter Avenue in Montgomery, Alabama by an outraged husband with an
axe in his hand; and we learn further
that this person seduced the wife of the
outraged husband when she was a 15year-old member of his church congregation, and that he has continued to
annoy her ever since-then there would
seem to be ligitimate cause for concern about the man's moral character
and personal standards, particularly if
he is one of the leaders of what purports to be a Christian movement.
Such a man is Ralph Abernathy. Here
is a transcript from the tria l of Edward
Davis, a s c h o o I teacher in Butler
County, Alabama. This is case number 8741, State vs. Davis, in the Circuit Court of Montgomery County, Alabama , November Term, 1958, before
Judge Eugene W. Carter. Davis was
tried and acquitted on a charg~ of assault with attempt to murder. Followi~g. is a transcript of the testimony
of V1 v1an McCoy Davis. It is not pretty
reading but it should be instructive to
a ny who are interested in knowing in
what direction the civil rights movement may be moving.
VIVIAN McCOY DAVIS, having been duly sworn, was examined a nd testified as follo ws: Direct Examination BY MR. KNABE: Q. This is Vivian Davis? A. Yes, I am . Q. And what was your name befo re you became Davis? A. Vivia n McCoy. Q. Did you see the gir l who was on the stand just before you got on? A. Yes, I did. Q. Now, who was she? A. Bernice Cooper Davis. Q. Cou ld you speak louder so these gentlemen over her can hear it? A. Bernice Cooper Davis. She was Bernice Cooper at that time. Q. Now, you say at that time, what : time do you mean ? A. When she was living with me. Q. Did she used to live with you ? A. Yes, she did. Q. Did she know Abernathy at that time? A. Yes , sir, she did . Q. Did Abernathy know her ? A. I am sure he did . He come to our house and he was acquainted with her. Q. Now, did Abernathy date you al any time? A. Yes, sir, he did. Q. Did he ever have physical or sexual relations with you ? A. Yes, sir. Q. Did he have normal relations or abnormal relations ? A. Both. Q. Both? A. Yes, sir. Q. Now , did you ever tell him that you wa nted him to stop getting in touch with you ? Bayard Rustin in New York where he directs activities of the War Resistors League, an organization whose only purpose is to persuade and aid young men to avoid A. Yes, sir, I did. military service to their country. Q. Now, when was the last time ? Let us just take the summer of 1958. that he contacted you or that you got band went outside. Apparently Rev. I believe your husband went off to in touch with Abernathy? Abernathy went outside and I star ted school , did he not? A. He contacted me during the sumout the door . His wife and myself, we A . Yes, sir, he did . mer of '58 when he was in town this were inside talking, a nd they were on Q. Now, before he went off to school past June, July and August. the outs ide, a nd when I started out he were you with him a t any time when Q. Now , when is the last time he was ta lking to Rev. Abernathy and I he h~d a conversation with Abernathy? contacted you before this occurrence·, A. Yes, sir . looked a nd went back inside. A. He contacted me on August 29th. Q. Ca n you tell us where that ocQ. Did you come up to them as curred? Q. That is the day . . . they fini shed their conversation ? A. That is the day that this incident A. It occurred at his house, a nd it A. No, I didn 't. occur red. The incident took place. occurred in-out at Loveman's in NorQ. And did you talk to a nybody mandale. Q. Now , about what time of day did while they were talking, or did you he contact you? Q. You say that there was a time just stay inside? A. He called me approximately at out a t Lovema n's ? A. I was inside ta lking to his wife, two o'clock in the afternoon. A. Yes, sir, it was. a nd she went outside. Q. And now, what went on in that Q. Was it inside of Loveman's or Q. Now, a t the time that he marconversation ? out in front ? ried; that is Aberna thy, I believe you A. It was out in front. A. He called and said he had been were in the wedding, were you not? Q. Now, who was there at tha t trying to get in touch with me, and A. Yes, sir, I was . time? asked me where I had been and I told Q. Who asked you to be in the wedhim I had been out of town, and at A. His wife. ding, did he ask you or did his wife Q. And by his wife you mean Rev . as k yo u? that time I told him, I asked him Aherna thy's wife? kind ly not to call me again. And I A. He asked me first. A. Rev . Abernathy's wife. said , "I told you , I told my husband. Q. Did yo u know his wife ? Q. Abernathy's wife and Abernathy and he had told you also that I told A. No, I didn't. and who else? him," and at that time I hung up in Q. Did she 1i v e here in MontA. And my husband. his face. go mery ? Q. Edward and yo u? 0. And what happened after that? A. No , she did not. A. Yes , sir. A. My husband was at a meeting. Q. Now, when he first started going Q. You four ? with you and having these r elations Q. Your husba nd was not home at A. Yes , sir . that time? coth proper a nd improper, how old Q. Were you all sta nding together were you ? A,. No, he was not at home. ta lking? A. I was fiftee n. Q. And when did he come home? A . No. Q. F iftee n at that time ? A. He came home a bout fifteen Q. Well , how were you arranged? A . Ye , sir. minut-es after , about two-fifteen. A. Well , we met up in the store and Q. Now, after this conversation that Q. Then what did you and your hushe spoke, and I went over to look at band do ? · occurred out in front of Loveman 's in some women's apparel and my husMontgomery when was the next time l Continued on Page 25 1 FIFTEEN �How 'IMAGES' Are BY ALBERT C. PERSONS Almost anywhere in the world today the name "Birmingham" calls to mind vicious police dogs, thug cops, bombs that explode in the night and fire hoses mowing down innocent Negro children in the streets. If this were a true "image" of Birmingham then it would almost have to go without saying that the general populace (some 600,000 ), who are responsible for the city's government and actions of city off.icials , is some kind of breed apart from the rest of the human race. Since this is not true , it follows that the world-wide image of Birmingham must be the artificial creation of some outside agency. More than any other one, single thing, the Birmingham image is a product of two publications with worldwide readership numbering in the ten's of millions . They are LIFE and TIME. I worked for LIFE during the period of the Birmingham civil rights demonstrations in the Spring of 1963. In the May 10, 1963 edition of TIME their story covering the Birmingham demonstrations carries this descriptive passage: ". . . furious , the Commis- sioner <Bull Conner l roared for his police dogs . The crowd in the park edged back ; some hurried away. "Look at 'em run ," yelled Bull. He saw a police officer holding back a crowd of white people nearby . " Let those people come to the corner, Sergeant," shouted Connor. " I want 'em to see the dogs work. Look at those niggers run. No matter what else anyone might want to say about how Connor handled the Birmingham demonstrations, the one thing every reporter who covered Here is a !)icture that will look familiar to many readers. It is almost identical with one taken by the Associated Press and widely distributed. TIME's caption with this picture in their edition of May 17, 1963 read: Birmingham Cons Manhandlin.,. Negro woman. The building in the background is on the comer directly across the street from the 16th Streef Baptist Church -Martin Luther King's command !)Ost for the Birmingham demonstrations., A short time before this picture was taken the last of several hundred little children had marched quietly up the sidewalk where the woman lies, to waiting school buses at the end of the block. The buses took the children to "jail" at the city fairgrounds. Most reporters, photographers and police were at that end of the block when the woman above ca m e out of the d'o orway in the background. A lone policeman st.ood on the sidewalk by the door. The woman spat in his face and struck out at him. She is a very large w.o man. She fought and fell to the ground. She also took a large bite out of the leg of the squatting policeman. Several other officers came to his assistance. It took four to subdue her-without hurting her. The Associated Press photographer and I each took a picture. The captions us ed on his !)icture were not written by him , of course. SIXTEEN �Created this story knows is that Connor at no time allowed white spectators within one city block of the park where Birmingham city police attempted to confine (and disperse) the several thousand Negroes who congregated there every day. Knowing this, and having rubbed elbows with Connor almost every day throughout a several weeks period, I questioned the TIME correspondent who had filed the report. He was Dudley E. Morris, at that tim~ based in TIME's Atlanta office. Morris got quite hot under the collar, but he fina lly admitted that he had not heard Connor make the statement, but that someone else told him Connor made it. Our argument took place in a motel room in downtown Birmingham. P resent were several LIFE photographers and LIFE associate editor David Nevin. In spite of Morris' admission that he had not actually heard Police Comm1ss10ner Connor invite tr 3 whites down to " look at the niggers run," the fo llowing week LIFE picked up the quote a nd ran it as part of this passage-which is from their May 17, 1963 edition. "ATTACK DOGS. With vicious guard dogs the police attacked the marchers - and thus rewarded them with a n outrage that would win support all over the world for Birmingha m 's Negroes. If the Negroes themselves ha d written the script," (they did J "they could hardly have asked for greater help for their cause than City Commissioner Eugene ("Bull " J Connor freely gave. Or dering his men to let white spectators come near , he said : "I want 'em to see the dogs work. Look at those niggers run ." This statement a ttributed to Bul l Connor by LIFE and TIME is absolutely fa lse- a nd they know it. Both magazines have a perfect r ight to their opinions of Connor a nd they have a ,1 equa l r ight to tell their readers what this opi nion is. They do not have the r ight, under a ny norma lly accepted standards of responsi ble journa lism , to put words into the mouth of Connor which he did not utter. By doing so they fa lsely contrive to have Connor create a n image of himself whi ch is in fact entirely their own. The w:oman in the picture above was drunk on Easter Sunday afternoon in Birmingham in ~963. She and ~undi:eds of others had joined with a group which left a church deep m a Negro residential area. They were bent on streaming into town. Birmingha m police ha d orders to prevent this. A stand-off developed a nd the crowd of chanting Negroes soon numbered more than a thousand. Police were almos t helpless in effo1·ts to disperse the crowd. The situation became explosive. The only whites were the police and a handful of reporters. The woman in the oicture struck out -0f ihe crowd at a _oolicc officer. He went after her. She fought~ It took the five policemen pictured here to get her into a wagon and off to jail-without hurting her. She could, of course, have been subdued quite easily if any of the police had wanted to use his club. Here is more of TIME's view of the Birmingha m demonstra tions. In the May 10, 1963 edition TIME says : " Birm ingha m saw a sma ll civil war : whites against Negroes," tit never happened) "cops against children" (oh, come on now l " clogs against huma ns." (Just li ke ancient Rome where they used to let the lions eat Christia ns every Saturday a fternoon. eh?l And this: "It began when Rev. Ma rtin Lu ther King decided to throw school children into the ba ttle lines." (Tha t King is a real soldier l . "Police Commissioner Eugene ( " Bull " l Connor, arch segrega tionist, viciously retaliated with club swinging cops" (you see, they can swing straight down on kids l "police dogs," ( they let the dogs eat the six-year-olds l "and blasts of water from the fire hoses." " Blackbooted firemen" (the g ood firen:ien a I w ays wear white boots l " turned on their hoses. The kids fell back from the crushing streams. The water pressure increased. Children fell a nd lay there bleeding. ·· Had enough? This would all be funny if it were not so tragic. The tragic par t of it is that millions of SEVENTEE N �-- ~-=-==~-=.-- ,___.,... A .. _ _ , _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ __ __ _ _ __ TIME readers actually have a picture of bleeding Negro children spread like limp, wet rags all over Birmingham's city streets. Morris must have waited until after the bar closed to write that one. And so, today, "This is Binningham." The fact that it isn't is something millions of people around the _ __ _ __ _ _ __ world will never know. TIME anti LIFE, and all other journals, have a right (I'm sure they believe it is even a responsibility l to express their attitudes on any subject they care to approach editorially. These magazines make no pretense of being objective~ so they are not deceiving their readers on that count. It is unfortunate, how The first time police dogs were used in Birmingham was on Sunday, April 13, 1963. They were used• late in the afternoon to disperse a mob that had, gathered in Kelly Ingram Park. Shortly after I arrived on the scene I heard shrieks and dogs snarling near the corner of 17th Street and 6th Avenue. I ran over and took the picture at the top left of police officers shackling a Negro man on the ground. In the top right picture, Leroy Allen, handcuffed, is being led off by a police officer. The left oleeve of his sweater is torn and his arm has been gashed by a police dog. Negrn leaders at the Gaston Motel, where I went that night with LIFE reporters, said that Allen had stepped between a dog and a woman with a baby in her arms. Then they said police knocked him to the ground whern he was kicked by Police Chief Jamie Moore. Later it was learned that Allen had attacked a d'o g with a knife. The dog was pull~d off and Allen was subdued. When I developed the pictures at the top it was obvious that Police Chief Moore was nowhere around. The story about Moore received wide circulation, nevertheless. Thus are "images" creat-e'li. EIGHTEEN _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ ever, that their readers have so little way of determining what is straight fact aud what is, shall we say, only "editorial licel}se." (If you can think of another word, go ahead and use it. l There is a lot of talk these days about "police brutality." Martin Luther King and his civil rights leaders use the phrase constantly-usually only in connection with "white soutJ:iern cops." The elimination of "police brutality" is almost always one of the demands they make as a price for an armistice in communities where they are campaigning. Somehow they have managed to sell much of the national press on the idea too, as witness the preceeding excerpts from news stories coming out of Birmingham. The job the police had to do in Birmingham was to control" the mobs, numbering in thousands; which gathered in Kelly Ingram Park. These mobs were not organized demonstrators with specific projects in mind-like a march on the courthouse for a prayer session. They were Negroes who gathered every day to see what the real demonstrators inside the 16th Street Baptist Church were going to do. The real demonstrators, for their part, simply stayed inside the church until the mob had formed outside, thus creating the real problem for the Birmingham police force . How is a mob, particularly an emotionally charged mob, handled ? Do you start shooting them? Do you just wade in clubbing right and left? Most certainly not. A trained police force handles and disperses a mob as gently, and with as little physical force as possible. You squirt them with fire hoses , which have a limited range. Then you get police dogs, on leashes, and move through the crowd. People always move away from a police dog-and no one gets hurt. That's the way it was handled in Birmingham. The only issues involved as far as the police are concerned is simply to properly perform a tough often hazardous job. Reporters who were in Birmingham know this to be the truth. Police forces are small forces. The main thing that makes it possible for a police force to function is the generally widespread respect that people have for the law. Efforts to discredit law enforcement agencies are dangerous. National news media of the stature of LIFE and TIME do la_w enforcement age ncies and law abiding citizens everywhere a great disservice when they allow themselves to be recruited into such efforts. �Police dogs- in Birmingham, Chicago or San Francisco-are not used to "attack" anyone . . They are used to control and d!sperse crowds of people who cannot otherwise be persuaded to move. The attitudes expressed by · t.he Negroes in the picture a bove is not that of people who are being attacked. The fact is they are entirely unconcerned. All that's happening here is that they are being moved out of Kelly Ingram Park. When the Negroes in Birmingham learned that police dogs we r ~ not_ going to be allowed to attack them they became quite blase about f.he whole thing. Many of the youths pulled off th eir shi r ts and used the m as capes in mock " bullfights .. with the dogs. The boy in the center of the picture, shi rt in bot~ hands , is pl~ying " toreador " with one of the dogs out of the picture to the right. When I took all of these pictures I was m company with a LIFE photographer. LIFE must have m anv of the same kinds of pictures: But suc h pictures do not reflect LIFE's own attitude. There fore , 30 million readers of LIFE never saw pictureS' like this. �Martin Luther King And Communism There is an old saw that goes like this: "If it looks like a duck, quacks like a duck, and lays an egg like a duck-the chances are very good that ·· it is a duck." To insist that Martin Luther King is not a Communist, or at the very least, dominated and controlled by Communists, it is necessary to deny completely all the evidence of one's senses. He looks like one, talks like one, acts like one, and has been intimately associated with Communists throughout his entire career as a leader in the civil rights movement. If he could Jay an egg it would be a Communist egg; for certain. Apologists for Communists in the civil rights movement like to point out how natural it is that Communists would be attracted to such a movement; that there probably are Communists in the civil rights movement; that needing all the help they can get,, civil rights organizations accept help, but not control, from anyone, including Communists, and that the leadership of civil rights organizations,. including Martin Luther King, is free of influence by any Communist conspiracy to subvert the movement. This sounds good but it is not true. A joint committee of both houses of the Louisiana State Legislature was created in 1960 to. find out if there is any Communist infiltration into the State of Louisiana, and if so, what form it has taken. At the conclusion of hearings held in Baton Rouge on March 19, 1964 the Louisiana Joint Committee on Un-American Activities had this to say: "The infiltration of the Communist Party into the civil rights movement through the Southern Conference Educational Fund is shocking and highly dangerous to this state and to the nation. The evidence is quite conclusive that the civil rights Photograph of Martin Luther King and Dombrowski, Anne and Carl Braden. The 1Jotes on the back of the phot.ograph in the handwriting of James A. Dt>mbrowski say: "The 6th Annual Conference of the Southern Christian Leadership .Conference, Birmingham, Alabama, September 25 to 28, 1962·. Martin Luther King, Jr. responding to Anne Braden' speech; in background AB, Carl Braden, JAD." TWENTY movement has been grossly and solidly infiltrated by the Communist Party. Those persons in the civil rights movement who deny this, deny overwhelming evidence that it is so. Tfie evidence c I e a r 1 y shows that Martin Luther King has very closely c:;onnected his organization, the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, with the Southern Conference Educational Fund. This has been going on for years. By thus connecting himself with the Communists, Martin Luther King has cynically betrayed his responsibilities as a Christian minister and the political leader of a large number of people. "The Student Non-violent Coordinating Committee, from all the evidence, is substantially under the influence of the Communist Party through the support and management given it by the Communists in the SCEF. However the Student Non-violent Coordinating Committee may have started, it is now getting strong financial aid from the SCEF and its policies are · substantially influenced by the SCEF. Many innocent students have been and are now being recruited by the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee to unknowingly carry out the instructions and policies of the Communist Party, dictated to Student Non-violent Coordinating Committee by the SCEF." W ha t is the "conclusive evidence" that this committee gathered, and what is the Southern Conference Educational Fund itself? The evidence comes in part from hearings of the U. S. House Committee on Un-American Activities and of the Senate Internal Security Committee. But most of the evidence concerning the Southern Conference Educational Fund and its connections with civil rights comes from the files of the SCEF itself-files which were taken in a raid on SCEF Headquarters in New Orleans. These files and records are a completely documented recor d of �over twenty-five years of successful subversive aetivity, primarily in the field of civil rights. The Southern Conference Educational Fund is the new name for the Southern Conference for Human Weifare. The Southern Conference for Human Welfare was conceived, set up, and financed by the Communist Party in 1938 as a mass organization to promote Communism throughout the Southern States. It was exposed as a Communist front a few years later by a government committee and simply changed its name-continuing in business as the SCEF with the same old address, same telephone number, substantially the identical leadership, and it conlinued to print the same official organ, "The Southern Patriot" which was cited as a subversive "publication by the U. S. Government. At a hearing of the Louisiana Joint Committee on Un-American Activities Dr. William Sorum, New Orleans physician, for six years an active member of the Communist Party, testified as follows: Q - I believe you also testified in 1957 (before the Senate Internal Security Committee ) while you were in the Communist Party, you were told to work in the Southern Conference for Human Welfare, is that correct? A - That's right, it was one of the main organizational outlets, and it was considered one of the most important things that we ·had. When the Southern Conference for Human Welfare had their national m e e t i n g down here, about 12 of the top Communists in the South were here . . . " These are some· of the people who direct the activities of the Southern Conference Educational fund : Fred Shuttleworth , was responsibie for the formation of the Montgomery Improvement Association which gave Martin Luther King his start on the road to prominence in the civil rights movement. At one time the resignation of some of the leaders of the Montgomery Improvemen·t Association followed a disclosure of discrepancies in the organization's books amounting to approximately $100,000. In 1941 Shut: tiesworth was arrested and pied guilty in District Court in the State of Alabama to the illegal distillation of whisa key, commonly known as moonshining. Fred Shuttlesworth is currently vicepresident of Martin Luther King's Southern Christian Conference. He is also president of the Southern Conference Educational Fund. Aubrey Williams, deceased: Williams was president of SCEF before Shuttlesworth. In April 1954 at hear-· _ ings held in New Orleans by the Senate Internal Security Committee he ·was identified as .a Communist Party member by one witness who had been in the party, and was identified by another witness at the same time as one who had accepted Communist Party Discipline. William Howard Melish: Melish was a minister and has been identified in sworn testimony as a Communist Party member. Melish is on the staff of the SCEF as the Eastern representative of the organization, primarily as a solicitor of funds in the New York area. Benjamin Smith : Smith is an attorney in the city of New Orle·ans. He was treasurer of the SCEF and was a member of the board of directors of the National Lawyers Guild-which has been cited by the U. S. Government as the "foremost legal bulwark of the Communist Party, which has rallied to the defense . of Communist law-break- z ~- .. 0 C a, ?"" >-< g !"
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ers, and violators of the Smith Act,
and has never failed to rally to their
defense." Smith is registered with the
U. S. Justice Department as a representative of semi-official agencies of
the Communist C u b a n Government.
Smith's picture appeared in the March
11, 1962 edition of "The Worker, " official publication of the Communist
Party of the _ United States. The accompanying article described his presentation of an award by the National
Lawyers Guild for his "anti-bias struggle in the South."
Dr. James A. Dombrowski: Dombrowski was identified as a Communist at hearings of the Senate Internal
Security Committee by Paul Crouch
and John Butler. Crouch held many
major positions in the Communist Party. According to his own testimony he
was at one time head of the Communist Party's department for infiltration
of the Armed Forces. He was a representative of the Communist Party of
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Check paid to Martin Luther King by SCEF. Check is signed by James Dombrowski
and Ben Smith and endorsed on the back by King.
TWENTY-ONE
�the United States to the E xecutive
Committee of the Communist Internationale in Moscow, and he was a member of the commission in Moscow to
draft plans to infiltrate and subvert
all of the armed forces of the world.
Crouch testified that he was one of
three Communists who had originally
planned the Southern Conference for
Human Welfare to set up in the South
a mass "organization through which
the Communist line could extend over ·
all of the South, and through which
intellectuals, professionals and ministers could be brought within the scope
of the Communist Party influence. Mr.
Crouch was asked about James Dombrowski in connection with the Communist Party. He said thi_s : "I should
like to add for the record that Dr.
Dombrowski told me on several occasions that he ·preferred to be called a
'Left Socialist' r ather than a Commu-
~
nist ; that he could serve the Revolutionary movement better under the Socialist label than he could under the
Communist label. " Then the question
was, "Was that a customary practice
of the top - fli g ht operators ?" Mr.
Crouch says, " Yes, sir."
At another place in the record of·
this hearing the witness named John
Butler swore that, " James A. Dombrowski had been a party member ."
He was introduced by another party
member, Alton Lawrence. At that time
John Butler was in the Communist
Party himself. Butler swears that
Lawrence told him that Dombrowski
was one of the upper ten Communists
in the United States.
On page 25 of his Doctoral thesis,
written at Columbia University, Dombrowski says : "Proletarians who have
suffered at the hands of ruthless power
in an industrial system, and who have
,rut1p,- -~ mg, Jr.
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401143.215.248.55 16:23, 29 December 2017 (EST)
~
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August 16, 1960
Dear Jim:
This is just a note to acknowledge r e ceipt or y our
letters or recent date. We, too, were more than
happy- to have you in our home. The f e, llows hip was
very , rewarding.
I \d.11 expect to hear from you when Bi s hop Love
returns to the country. At that ti me we can set the
date for an Atlanta meting .
Ver y s inc e r ely yours,
Dr . James Dombrowski
Southern Conferenc e Educ ati ona l Fund, Inc.
822 Perdido Stre~t
Rew Orleans 12, · Louilliana
MLK:mlb
TWENTY-TWO
tried all of the avenues of moderation
and of moral suasion, conclude that
such power will continue to utilize its
control of society to increase its advantage until fin al justice can only be
achieved by a violent revolution, in
which the sources of power are brought
under the control of the workers ." On
page 189 of his thesis Dr . Dombrowski
says : " Thus it is the first duty of all .
religious people to destroy Capitalism
without regard for their own welfare."
Dr. Dombrowski is the Director of the
Southern Conference Educational Fund.
and has been since its inception as the
Southern Conference fo r Human Welfare in 1938.
Carl and Anne Braden: The Bradens are both field organizers for the
SCEF, Carl Braden is also editor of
" The Southern Patriot. " They were
both identified as Communist Party
members by Alberta M. Ahearn, who
was an FBI informer surfaced for the
purpose of testifying against the Bradens. She testified that she was r ecruited into the Communist Party by
Anne Braden. Carl Bradden was convicted of sedition and received a 15year sentence in Kentucky. He served
several months on this sentence, and it
was voided under the old Nelson Case
decision of the U. S. Supreme Court
which voided State Sedition Laws. Sub'.
sequent to this Braden served a year
in the Federal Penitentiary for contempt of Congress for refusing to a nswer questions of the House Committee
on Un-American Activities.
In the files of the SCE F , all taken
in the raid on their headquarters in
New Orleans, there is a voluminous
correspondence, stretching over a period of many years , between leaders
of the SCEF and leaders of civil r ights
organizations. Here is an excerpt from
a letter from Martin Luther King to
Anne Braden . King writes : "It was
certainly good to have Carl in Columbia last week. He added a great deal
to the meeting. I hope both of you
will fi nd it possible to become permanently associated with the Southern
Chr istian Leadership Conference. . ."
In a letter to J ames Dombrowski
Martin Luther King writes: " This is
just a note to acknowledge receipt of
your letters of r ecent date. We, too,
were more than happy to have you in
our home. The fellowship was very
rewarding."
In the SCEF fi les there is correspondence between Dombrowski and
King and Wyatt Tee Walker (King's
Executive Secretary l concerning the
layout of a full page new paper ad
�the United States to the Executive
Committee of the Communist Internationale in Moscow, and he was a member of the commission in Moscow to
draft plans to infiltrate and subvert
all of the armed forces of the world.
Crouch testified that he was one of
three Communists who had original!v
planned the Southern Conference for
Human Welfare to set up in the South
a mass " organization through which
the Communist line could extend over ·
all of the South, and through which
intellectuals, professionals and ministers could be brought within the scope
of the Communist Party influence. Mr.
Crouch was asked about James Dombrowski in connection with the Communist Party. He said this : "I should
like to add for the record that Dr.
Dombrowski told me on several occasions that he ·preferred to be called a
'Left Socialist' rather than a Commu-
nist ; that he could serve the Revolutionar y movement better under the Socialist label than he could under the
Communist label." Then the question
was, " Was that a customary practice
of the top - f Ii g ht operators?" Mr.
Crouch says, "Yes, sir."
At another place in the record of·
this hearing the witness named John
Butler swore that, "James A. Dombrowski had been a party member."
He was introduced by another party
m ember, Alton Lawrence. At that time
John Butler was in the Communist
Party himself. Butler swears that
Lawrence told him that Dombrowski
was one of the upper ten Communists
in the United States.
On page 25 of his Doctoral thesis,
written at Columbia University, Dombrowski says: "Proletarians who have
suffered at the ha nds of ruthless power
in an industrial system, and who have
~ ~utlpt: -~ing,
Jr.
~---~GUpard,
407143.215.248.55 16:23, 29 December 2017 (EST)
~Lq;a
Aug ust 16, 1960
Dear J'im:
Thia is just a note to acknowledge receipt or your
letters or recent da te. We, t o o, were more than
happy to have you 1n our home.
very, :rewardlng.
The fe,llowship was
I will expect to hear f r om you when Bishop Love
returns to the count r y. At that time we can set the
date ror an Atlanta meet i ng.
Very s incerel y you.rs,
Dro Jame I Dombrowski
Southern Conference Educational Fund p Inc
822 Perdido St~~t
Rew Orleans 12,· Louisiana
JIU:Jlilb
TWENTY-TWO
0
tried all of the avenues of moderation
and of moral suasion, conclude that
such power will continue to utilize its
control of society to increase its advantage until final justice can only be
achieved by a violent revolution, in
which the sources of power are brought
under the control of the workers." On
page 189 of his thesis Dr . Dombrowski
says : "Thus it is the first duty of all
religious people to destroy Capitalism
without regard for their own welfare."
Dr. Dombrowski is the Director of the
Southern Conference Educational Fund.
and has been since its inception as the
Southern Conference for Human Welfare in 1938.
Carl and Anne Braden : The Bradens are both field organizers for the
SCEF, Carl Braden is also editor of
" The Southern Patriot." They were
both identified as Communist P arty
members by Alberta M. Ahearn, who
was an FBI informer surfaced for the
purpose of testifying against the Bradens. She testified that she was recruited into the Communist P arty by
Anne Braden. Carl Bradden was convicted of sedition and r eceived a 15year sentence in Kentucky. He served
several months on this sentence a nd it
was voided under the old Nels~n Case
decision of the U. S. Supreme Court
which voided State Sedition Laws. Sub'.
~equent to this Braden served a year
m the Federal P enitentiary for contempt of Congress for r efusing to a nswer questions of the House Committee
on Un-American Activities.
In the files of the SCEF all taken
in the raid on their head~uarters in
New Orleans, there is a voluminous
correspondence, stretching over a period of m any years, between leaders
of the SCEF and leaders of civil rights
organizations. H_ere is an excerpt from
a letter from Martin Luther King to
Anne Braden. King writes: "It was
certainly good to have Carl in Colum bia last week. He added a great deal
to the meeting. I hope both of you
will find it possible to become perm anently associated with the Southern
Christian Leadership, Conference. . ."
In a letter to J ames Dombrowski
Martin Luther King writes : "This is
just a note to acknowledge receipt of
your letters of recent date. We, too,
were more than happy to have you in
our home. The fellowship was very
rewarding."
In the SCEF files there is correspondence between Dombrowski and
King and Wyatt Tee Walker (King's
Executive Secretary) concerning the
layout of a full page newspaper ad
which was a joint project of SCEF,
SCLC, and SNCC.
A letter from James Farmer, National Director of CORE says: "Let
me acknowledge w i t h pleasure the
good wishes which you extend on behalf of the Southern Conference Educational Fund, and to assure you that
they are reciprocated. It is a good
fight we are in, and one which will
call forth all the dedication we can
muster."
A letter from Dombrowski to the
Student Non-violent Coordinating Committee discusses the pattern of placing
SNCC personnel on grants from the
SCEF, paid not to the students themselves, but to SNCC, allowing the
SCEF to control the field workers and
organizers of the SNCC without their
being any way identified w i t h the
SCEF. J am es Forman, E xecutive Director of the Student Non-violent Coordinating Committee wrote to Dombrowski as follows : ' 'We sincerely
thank you for the last installment on
the grant to Robert Zellner made by
the Southern Conference Educational
Fund. May we take this opportunity
to thank you for the other services
rendered to the Student Non-violent
Coordinating Committee by SCEF. The
cooperation we have re c e i v e d has
made it possible to carry on a program despite m any obstacles we have
encountered this past year . Specifically, your efforts in raising money
fo r the McComb students a nd members of our staff will long be r emembered. The fact that SCEF has made
available to us certain channels of
communication has been vitally important to the movement in general. It is
our hope that our actions further advance the cause for which we are all
working."
In one eighteen month period, from
December, 1961, to June of 1963, the
Southern Conference Educational Fund
gave the Student Non-violent Coordinating Committee over ten thousand,
three hundred dollars ($10,300 >. The
Student Non-violent Coordinating Comm ittee has been the spearhead of violence used as a tool of the SCEF and
the Communist Conspiracy throughout
the United States, particularly in the
South.
F BI Director J . Edgar Hoover has
said that Communist " front organizations exist not only in isolation, but as
a pa rt of a vast, interlaced front system." To all but the dedicated, fulltime a nti-Communist these interlocking conections b e come quite overwhelming in their complexity. This, of
course, is by design, not by accident.
4000
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.. ;-'• S0-:0 :1,:· :q~~ • • ..,. S2:,0.u:; Nl,f~rr.J:W-,n,;_ I'._..~.~ -143.215.248.55- WRTT'l'l1'"Y NAT IONAi . " ~ ' ..... o.:s.......-.. ~,,,.,. ... " 18 6.2 . • • I ,~· li: . ~ - ,~ .,,,t - - '"' /. I 1r , - ·-_-.. - _- _,00000 i 5000_, Checks from the SCEF to the Student Non-violent Coordinating Committee. One of the interlocking connections of SCEF with another Communist organization will serve as a n example of how it works. The Fair Play for Cuba Committee, itself intertwined at the top level of leadership with the militantly revolutionary Socialist Workers P arty, has close connections with SCEF. In May, 1961 the Senate Internal Security Committee established that Carl Braden was one of the main speakers at a ba nquet in New York given by the Fair Play for Cuba Committee on April 28. 1961. His expenses had been pa id to come to the banquet from wherever he was at the time. In ad- dition to this, and more important, the Senate Committee established that Carl Braden is one of the national directors of the Fair Play for Cuba Committee. Both Fair P lay for Cuba Committee a nd the SCEF publicly supported a man , Robert Williams. who fled the United States to escape prosecution for kidnapping in North Carolina. He went to Ct1ba and set up a powerful broadcasting station from which he beamed violent exhortations to Southern Negroes to use razors and lye bombs against Southern whites.. Robert Williams is now in Communist China . A half page book re\'iew in TWENTY-THREE �~ .. . \. · ' 100062 -, OCT 1 1954 LOUISVIUX' ,__ CARL BRADEN ANNE BRADEN "The Southern Patriot" commented favorably on Williams' book "Negroes with Guns," another vicious piece of inflamatory propaganda. The review was written and si g ned by Anne Braden. In the SCEF files were two letters from and to an identified Communist, Corliss Lamont. One letter is from Lamont to Dombrowski enclosing a check for $1,000 to the defense fund of the SCEF. The other is from Dombrowski to Lamont asking for additional contributions to help with printing costs for a pamphlet defending Braden who had been sentenced to a year in the Federal Penitentiary. It is interesting to note that Lee Harvey Oswald, the assassin of President Kennedy, is reported to have made the statement that the Fair Play for Cuba Committee literature that he handed out in New Orleans came to him from Corliss Lamont. The planned program of the Communist Party to use the racial issue to further its goal of revolution in the United States is definitely being carried out. The SCEF is an obvious and effective part of that program , Through the operations of the SCEF the leadership and influence of known Communists is transmitted into civil rights organizations. Obviously everyone in the civil rights movement is not a Communist, but the act of Communist infiltration of the movement is a fact, and not conjecture. Through its manipulation and control of the civil rights movements Communist p r e y upon one of the best human motivesidealism toward a better wor ld. Their programs are particularly effective with better educated and more cultured people, who see that there are, TWENTY-FOUR POLICE . ---DIV. --~-- - JAMES A. DOMBROWSKI in fact, some things wrong in our society but are unable to see the proper remedies for the problems. These victims simply refuse to recognize and accept certain obvious facts , and delude themselves as to the true nature of all manner of people and organizations that seek to exploit them. As far as Martin Luther King and other leaders of the civil rights organizations are concerned, it is impossible to accept the proposition that they, too, are unwitting dupes of an obvious Communist conspiracy within the civil rights movement. King and Forman, whose respective organizations sponsored the march from Selma to Mont- BENJAMINE. SMITH gomery know that Carl Braden, who was on the march, is a Communist of long standing. They know that Anne Braden; James Dombrowski, Aubrey Williams, et al are Communists. They have worked with these people and accepted all manner of assistance from them for years. Yet, last summer in Mississippi Martir. Luther King made a public statement that there are more Eskimos in Florida than there are Communists in the civil rights movement. " FBI Director J . Edgar Hoover says " Marti11 Luther King is one of the most notorious liars in the country." What do you think ? I have heard from many people that the Conference, perhaps because of necessity, was devoting itself to the raisin g of funds instead of concentratin g on tne real Job. I tried workin i; with American. communists , as. you know, and have lon g since given up trying . I can not work with any one who is not completely honest and American communists are not honest . I kno w tnat often they work for tne same objectives, and do good work , but that does not alter my opinion. Very s i nce r ely your s , Even Mrs. Eleanor Roosevelt, a noted liberal, couldn't stomach the SCEF after she discovered who was behind it. Reproduced above is a part of a letter written to James Dombrowski, a known Communist. �Bayard and Ralph - Jus.t A Couple Of The Boys Continued from Page 15) A. We went out on a picnic. Q. And did you during that picnic ...., . ~. · 100062 -· OCT l 1954 mv. POLICE ---...-~ ' LOUlSVllµ - CARL BRADEN ANNE BRADEN "The Southern Patriot" commented favorably on Williams' book "Negroes with Guns, " a nother vicious piece of inflamatory propaganda . The review was written and s i g n e d by Anne Braden. In the SCEF files were two letters from and to an identified Communist, Corliss Lamont. One letter is from Lamont to Dombrowski enclosing a check for $1,000 to the defense fund of the SCEF. The other is from Dombrowski to Lamont asking for additional contributions to help with printing costs for a pamphlet defending Braden who had been sentenced to a year in the Federal Penitentiary. It is interesting to note that Lee Harvey Oswald, the assassin of President Kennedy, is reported to have made the statement that the Fair Play for Cuba Committee literature that he handed out in New Orleans came to him from Corliss Lamont. The planned program of the Communist P a rty to use the racial issue to fu rther its goal of revolution in the United States is definitely being carried out. The SCEF is an obvious and effective part of that program. Through the operations of the SCEF the leadership and influence of known Communists is transmitted into civil rights organizations. Obviously everyone in the civil rights movement is not a Communist, but the act of Communist infiltration of the movement is a fact, and not conjecture. Through its manipulation and control of the civil rights movements Communist p r e y upon one of the best human motivesidealism toward a better world. Their programs are particularly effective with better educated and more cultured people, who see that there are, TWENTY-FOUR JAMES A. DOMBROWSKI in fact, some things wrong in our society but are una ble to see the proper remedies for the problems. These victims simply refuse to recognize and accept certain obvious facts, and delude themselves as to the true nature of all manner of people and organizations that seek to exploit them. As far as Martin Luther King a nd other leaders of the civil rights organizations are concerned, it is impossible to accept the proposition that they, too, are unwitting dupes of an obvious Communist conspiracy within the civil rights movement. King a nd Forman, whose respective organizations sponsored the ma rch from Selma to Mont- -~IC BEN.JAMIN E . SMITH gomery know that Carl Braden, who was on the march, is a Communist of long standing. They know that Anne Braden,- J ames Dombrowski, Aubrey Williams, et al are Communists. They have worked with these people and accepted all manner of assistance from them for years. Yet, last summer in Mississippi Martir. Luther King m ade a public statement that there a re more Eskimos in F lorida than there are Communists in the civil rights movement. " FBI Director J . Edgar Hoover says "Martin Luther King is one of the most notorious liars in the country." What do you think? V - I U . C?O'n'_._ NYDK P AIUC,. ~ CO. I have heard from -many peopl e that t he Conference , perhaps be cauAe of necessity, was devot ing i tself t o the rai sing of funds i ns t ead of concentr ating on the real Job . I t rie d workin~ wit h Ameri can. communis t s, as. you know, and have l ong since given up trying . I can not work with any one who is not complet.ely honest and American communists are not hones t . I know that of t e n they work for the same objectives, and do good work but that does not alter my opinion, ' Very sincerely yours, Even IV"trs. Eleanor Roosevelt, a noted liberal, couldn't stomach the SCEF after she discovered- who was behind it. Reproduced above is a part of a letter written to James Dombrowski, a known Communist. any time during the afternoon tell him about this call? A. Yes, I did. Q. Now, referring to that time, prior to ,fogust the 29th, when is the last time before that he called you? A. He p h o n e d me approximately about the 4th of August, I imagine. Q. And at that time what was your conversation? A. He asked me what was going on b e t w e e n me and my husband, he wanted to know, and how I had been getting along, and why can't I see him. Well, I didn't want to discuss with him those things because I had asked him not to contact me again and I didn't have any further use to talk to him. Q. I show you a picture that is marked for identification the Defendant's Exhibit No. 4 and ask you if you recognize that picture? A. Yes, I do. Q. What is that a picture of? A. That is a picture of a house, and that is the house that we went to. Q. Is that house located in the City of Montgomery? A. Yes, it is. Q. Do you know about where it is located? A. Yes, I do. Q. And where is it located? A. It is located on Clark Street. Q. Now, t he n, you say you went there? Who went there? A. Rev. Abernathy and myself. Q. Did he take you or did you take him? A. He took me. Q. I see. And now what happened at that house? A. That is where these affa irs took place. Q. That is where all three . . A. That is right. Q. All of these affairs you mentioned took place? A. That is right. Q. And at that time how old were you? A. Fifteen. Q . And at that time you were a member of his church? A. Yes, sir. Q. Do you know who was in charge of the house at that time? A. A lady by the name of Mrs. Davis. Q. Do you know whether that is Mrs. C. D. Davis, or not? A. I am pretty positive. Q. Is she a little woman, middle sized woman, or what? A. She is large. Q. You recognize this picture? A. Yes, I do. Q. What is that picture of? A. That is a picture of a convention in Birmingham that I attended. Q. Where did you get this picture? A. I received that picture from him on the night we went out in Birmingham. Q. The night you went out in Birmingham? A. Yes, sir. Q. Now, tell us what happened that night when you went out in Birmingham. A. On the night we went out in Birmingham I was on my way home, Rosemond Lowe and myself, we were asked to go out on a dinner date with the Rev. Abernathy and the Rev. James Dixon. That night they came and picked us up at the house where we were living, and we went to the Afro Club in Birmingham. Q. Afro Club? A. That is right. Q. Where is that located? A. It is in some part of Birmingham. Q. Go right ahead. Now, what happened then? A. We went in and we had a couple of beers. Q. Now, that was the time when you were in Birmingham ? A . Yes. Q. And you say that Abernathy was wi th you at that time? A. Yes, sir. Q. Now, when you came back from Birmingham did he very shortly after that or immediately after that get in touch with you again? A. No. He asked me to . go out to a tea with him that night. This all was the night we got in from Birmingham. Q. The night when you got in from Birmingham, that was when you were fifteen years old? A. Yes . Q. He asked you to go out to a tea with him ? A. Yes, sir. Q. All right. Now. what happened then, did you go? A. Well , I thought it was supposed to have been a tea, he said it was to have been a tea. and he and Rev. James Dixon and Walter Parker came by to pick me up. Walter P arker came up to the door for me, and we put him out at the Derby Supper Club. Q. You say Walter P arker came to the door to get you? A. That is right. He and his girl friend was in the car . Q. And you went with them and got in the car and Abernathy was already -in the car? A. Yes, he was. Q. All r ight. And then you and Abernathy after that? A. We went over , Walter Parker and Walter Parker's girl friend, and Rev. James Dixon and we went over and put Walter Parker and Gloria Thompson out at the Derby Supper Club, and then he went over to Rosemond Lowe's and picked her up. She was ill at the time and couldn't go. So in turn he took Rev. Dixon home and we rode out on the Atlanta Highway, and I haven't seen him since. Q. How late did you stay out that night? A. It was ten-thirty about. Cross Examination BY MR. THETFORD: Q. Vivian, you say Bernice is named what now? A. Bernice Cooper Davis. Q. Now, is she kin to this defendant? A. No, she isn't. Q. Is she related to him, or is her husband any kin to him? A. No, sir. Q. Now, you testified, I believe, that - I don't know whether you did testify -when did you fir st knew Rev. Abernathy, what year? A. It was '52 or '51, I imagine, when he came to the First Baptist Church. I am not sure what year it was he came there. But the first time he made approaches to me was in Birmingham in ' 52, July of '52. Q. Now, how old were you in 1952? A. I was fi fteen then at that time. Q. Fifteen? A. Yes, sir. Q. Now, you testified that you had intercourse or sexual relations with Rev. Abernathy on several occasions? A. Yes, sir. Q. When and where did you first have relations with him? A. At the house on Clark Street. Q. The house where? A. On Clark Street. Q. House on Clark Street? A. Yes. sir. Q. ls that the house that you A. That picture I just testified. the first picture I identified. TWENTY-FI\ E �Q. Is that the picture you pointed out? A. Yes, sir, it is. Q. Do you remember what month that was in? A. It was in August of '52. Q. August of '52? A. Yes, sir. Q. Now, did he come to your house and get you? A. No. Q. Did you meet him there? A. No. Q. How did you happen to get there? A. He called my mother and asked her to let me do some typing for him, which was the ·excuse, and I went up to the church, and in turn we went over there , on Clark Street. Q. You and he went together? A. That's right. Q. How did you go? A. In his car. Q: An9- he parked his car in front of this house? A. No, he didn't. Q. Where did he park it? A. He parked it in the driveway. Q. In the driveway? A. Yes, sir. Q. And then the two of you went in the house? A. That,s right. Q. Was there anybody in the house at home? A. Yes, there was. Q. Who was there? A. Mrs. Davis. 'Q. What is her first name? A. I said Mrs. Davis. It is C. 0 . Davis. Q. Well, what did you and Reverend Abernathy tell her? A. Well, he had already made the reservations. Q. Made the r eservations. A. Advance notice. Q. What do you mean by advance notice? A. He had already contacted her. Q. He had already contacted her? A. Yes, sir, he had. Q. Did he say anything to her when you walked in, did he knock on the door ? A. Yes, he did. Q. And when you walked in what happened then, what did he say to her? A. He asked her how was she getting along. Q. What did she say? A. She said she was fine. Q. Then what did he say? A. Well, he just told her that he came there, he had brought me over there. TWENTY-SIX Q. He brought you over there? And he introduced me to her. Q. He introduced you to her? A. Yes, sir. Q. All right. What did you all do then? A. We went in the room. .Q. Living room, bedroom? A. No. Bedroom. Q. In the bedroom? A. Yes, sir. Q. Now, did you know what you were going over for ? A. Yes, sir. Q. Well, when did he first ask you to go over there and have intercourse with him? A. He asked me the night we went out when we came from Birmingham fo this so-called tea, but I didn't go and we went out riding. Q. He asked you would ·you have intercourse with. him when you went out riding, you tell us, on the Atlanta Highway? A. Yes, sir. He wanted to take me over there then. Q. He wanted to take you over there then? A. He wanted to take me on Clark Street that night but I didn't go, and in turn we went out on the Atlanta Highway riding. Q. Did you have intercourse with him out on the Atlanta Highway? A. No, sir, I didn't. Q. Then did he ask you that night to go to the house --on Clark Street with him? A: He asked me that same night to go to the house on Clark Street. Q. Well, what did you tell him? A. I told him no. Q. All right. When did you tell him you would go? A. Well, I didn't tell him I would go that night. It was three times during that month. Q. Do you mean he asked you three times during that month? A. No, he didn't. On several occasions on the telephone and several times coming to my house asking me. Q .. Asked you to go with him to this house on Clark Street. A. Yes, sir, he did. And finally we got together, and he called my mother and asked her could I do some typing for him, and which was an excuse. Q. So you and he went in the bedroom? A. Yes, sir. Q. And you knew what you were going in there for? A. I guess so. A. Yes. Q. And did both of you get undressed? A. Yes, sir. Q. Get in bed? A. Yes, sir. Q. Did you have normal sexual relations with him on that occasion? A. Well, he did, yes. Q. What? A. Yes, sir. Q. How long were you at the house on this occasion? A. About an hour, or an hour and a half, something like that. Q. And then did he take you back to the church, or where did he take you? A. He didn't take me back to the church, he took me - I got out of the car to the corner of Union and Alabama. Q. Now, how close is that to your house? A. My house is the second from the cqrner, the second house from the corner. Q. Let you out around the corner from your house? A. Yes, sir. Q. Let me ask you this. Were you, going with the defendant at that time? A. Yes, I was. Q. In 1952? A. Yes, sir. Q. When did you get married? A. I got married in December of '55. Q. That is three years later? A. About that. Q. Two years later? A. Yes. Q . All right. Now, you testified that you had a norm al intercourse sometime in August at this house on Clark Street. That was the first time? A. Yes, sir. Q. Did you go back to that house again? A. Yes, sir, I did. Q. When? A. That same month, in August. I went there three times that August. Q. You went there three times that August? A. Yes, sir. Q. Went into the same house? A. Same house. Q. Was he expected, were both of you expected by the owner of the house each time? A. I imagine so. He had always called her to tell her that we were coming. Q. Each time? A. Yes, sir. Q. In other words, she didn't seem surprised to see you? �l A. No. sir. she didn't seem to be surprised. Q. Did she know who you were? A. Yes. sir. she did. They were very close frie nds. Q. Now you say that you have had both normal and abnormal intercourse ? A. Yes. sir. Q. Where did you have the abnormal intercourse with him '? A. The three occasions. Q. On all three occasions ? A. Yes, sir. Q. Well, now, what do you mean by abnormal sexual intercourse? A. Pervertedness. He u s e d his mouth . Q. He used his mouth ? A. Yes, sir, he did . Q. On your private parts ? A. Yes , sir. Q. Now, did he do that, you say on each of the three occasions? A. Yes , sir. Q. Well, was tha t after he had . a normal intercourse with you ? A. No, sir, it was before. Q. It was before he had a normal intercourse ? A. That's right. Q. In other words , each time he used his mouth on you before and then had a nor mal intercourse ? A. That 's right. Q. Now, that happened three times in August of 1952? A. Yes, sir. Q. Now, has he ever had intercourse with you since then? A. No. Q. None whatever? A. No, I ha ven't. Q. Have you ever been out with him alone since August of 1952? A. No , I haven't been out with him . Q. You haven't been out with him ? A. No, .sir. Q. Now, when did you first tell your husband about this? A. I told my husband about it approximately a year after we were married. Q. About a year after you were married, I believe you told us, you would say in 1906? A. That is right. I remembe r vividly we went to New Orleans on a second honeymoon. Q. Well , now, according to your testimony did Rev. Abernathy start running after you again, telephoning you again ? A. He hasn 't ever stopped. Q. He hasn 't ever stopped? A. No, sir. He has been to my house. He came there in '52 and came there in '54 when Bernice Davis Cooper Charles Moore, LIFE photographer, holds ankle which has just been struck by a brick hurled at him by one of the mob in Kelly Ingram Park off to the right of picture. On Moore's left is LIFE correspondent Mike Durham. In the background is the three-story hotel from which a piece of concrete block was hurled almost tearing off one side of a Birmingham fireman's face. L~rge pieces of brick and' concrete block can be seen in the street in · this picture. They have all been hurled by Negroes at police officers and reporters, who were the only whites allowed in the area. Most of the injuries received during the deµ10nstrations in Birmingham were by police officers and' firemen. 1, was living with me, and she was in bed one night, her mother was in Washington, and he came by and I was ordering him out of the house and she awakened and found him there, and he had his arms around me. Q. And that was what year ? A. And that was in '54 or '53 - '53 because she went to Washington both times twice, a nd during that period he was coming by here a nd he would come down there a nd try to get me to go out with him, but I told him that I had made the mistake, and I realized the mistake and that I didn't intend ever to go out with him again. Q. All r ight. Now, let's get down to the picnic that you a nd your husband went on. You went out and got drunk, didn't you? A. Yes , sir . Q. And you got real drunk , didn't you? Q. · I was n't out. (Objected to . Objection overuled ) Q. How much beer did you drink out there on the picnic? (Objected to . Objection sustained l Q. Where did he get that pistol he pu lled on Rev. Abernathy? A. Well , I don' t know. Q. Where did the hatchet come from? A. I don 't know. Q. Have you ever seen this pistol before? A. No, I have n't ever seen it until - it was in the car pocket. Q. It was in the car pocket? A. It was in the car. My husband tra veled , you see. Q. Did he ha ve a license to carry it? A. Wen; I don't know. (Objection sustained .) Q. Have you ever seen that hatchet before ? A. No . Q. Never have seen it? A. No, sir. I saw it in Police Court. Q. You had never seen it before that ? A. No , I haven't seen it either. Q. I ask you if that is the pistol, you know that is his pistol don 't you ? A. Yes, sir. He traveled, and he ha d it in the car pocket. Re-Direct Examination BY MR. KNABE : Q. You tell the jury there when you reached the age of fifteen you haven 't had anything to do with Rev. Abernathy ? A. No, I ha ven 't. Q. You haven't been with him in public since ·then including August 29th , 1958? A. No, sir, I haven't. -0I hereby certify that the proceedings and evidence are contained fully and accurately in the notes of testimony taken by me upon the trial of the above case , and that this transcript is a true copy a nd correct c6py of the same. W. Ha lowell Lewis Official Court Reporter Fifteenth Judicial Circuit of Alabama -0Edward Davis was acquitted for chasing and striking Rev. Abernathy with the hatchet. He and his wife now live in Montgomery. TWENTY-SEVEN �l Sex and Civil Rights (Continued from Page 12) bodies and blood in the street, our bodies " and "I am going home today and t~II everyone how I've been lied to." (s) LIONEL FREE¥AN Subscribed to and sworn before me this 5th day of April, 1965. (s l George N. Dean, Jr. Notary Public. ,,, My commsision expires ____ , 19____ _ ...
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AFFIDAVIT I, Samuel M. Carr, a First Lieutenant in the Alabama National Guard, Battery C, 117th Artillery, Alabama do hereby swear under oath and under penalty of perjury the following facts are true and accurate in every respect to my own personal knowledge : The National Guard unit of which I am a member was activated on March 20, 1965. We were assigned the task of guarding camp sites of the Negro Voter-Protest Marchers on their march from Selma, Alabama to Montgomery, Alabama. This duty we commenced to perform on Tuesday, March 23 , 1965 at 1: 00 PM picking up contact with the marchers on HiWay 80. I hereby further swear and attest that during such time of duty with my National Guard unit I personally saw one case of sexual intercourse between a young white boy and a Negro girl. I further swear and attest that I saw occasions of public urination in and near the camp sites. I further solemnly state that many of the Negro marchers, most especially the young ones, made remarks and statements to members of the National Guard which were, in my opinion, for the purpose of inflaming the emotions of said members of the Guard. (s l SAMUEL M. CARR 1/ Lt Battery C 117th Artillery Subscribed to and sworn before me this 3rd day of April, 1965 . (s l J . D. Smyth, Jr . Notary Public Alabama, State at Large My commission expires 5-20-68
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STATE OF ALABAMA ,
COUNTY OF DALLAS
Before me, undersigned authority, in
a nd for said State and County, personally appeared J . E. Crowder and being by me first duly sworn on oath ,
deposes and says:
I, J ames E . Crowder , Selma Police
Department, do make the following
TWENTY-EIGHT
The picture above was taken a few minutes before the 11icture at the lower right.
Annie Lee Cooper, 265-pound bouncer at a Selma motel landed a surprise right to
the eye of Dallas County Sheriff Jim Clark. Then she snatched a billy club from
Deputy Sheriff Leo Nichols. She hung onto the billy club club for dear life and with
both hands as shown above. With effort Sheriff Clark managed to wrest the club
away from Mrs. Co.oper. Two deputies got handcuffs on her. The oicture at the
lower right is a part of this action. Newsweek described it differently.
Newsweek
"With that, Mrs . Cooper wheeled
on Sheriff Clark - eleven · years
her junior and six and one half
pounds lighter - and landed a
solid _ . , right on his eye. Whiie
three deputies helped wrestle her
to the ground, Clark scrambled
astride her stomach and brought
his billy down on her head with
a resounding crack"-Newsweek,
F ebruary 8, 1965
statement. I saw several Negro males,
that I know by sight, in a drunken condition . One Negro was there most of
the time and was drunk every time that
I saw him . The others came and we nt
at intervals. I also saw a short Negro
in a green sweater come to the front
of the line stretched across the street
�on three different occasions and rub up
against \\·hite girls. feeling their breasts
and other parts of their bodies and then
taking them off to the rear of the crowd
and on to different apartments. One of
the white girls was a short fat girl with
a white sweat shirt on: a nother was a
medium tall girl. wearing a green coat
and carrying a camera bag. This second girl also made several passes at
some of the other Negro men on the
front line on other occasions. I do not
remember what the third white girl
looked like that the short Negro carried off as I only saw her that one time.
On · one occasion I saw a white man
and a Negro female laying side by side
beneath a blanket in the middle of the
street just before daylight. There was
a good deal of movement by both parties beneath the bla nket. The \rhite
man, the day before. was wearing a
priest robe. The next day he \l"aS wearing a sweat shirt and dungaree pants.
That man is still in town or was on
Saturday, March 3, 1965.
(SI J. E . CROWDER
Sworn to and subscribed before me
this the 7th day of April 1965.
(sl Jud Ernest Hewston
Notary Public
My commission expires: 7-18-67
the street in front of Brown's Chapel.
We noticed a big, heavy set Negro male
near a small tree in front of the Parsonage: he was talking to a white female. They were talking, laughing and
slapping each other on the back. They
moved in closer to the tree, he had one
hand hanging on a limb; she would
move in very close to where she would
rub on his legs and stomach. He was
acting like he had ants in his pants.
He would put his hands in his pocket
attempting to control his sexual impulses.
Finally they locked lips together as if
they were sucking each other's tongue,
this lingered for 2 or 3 minutes; he then
took her by the arm and they walked
down the sidewalk towards the Baptist
Church.
(sl V. B. Bates
Sworn to and subscribed before m e
this the 5th day of April, 1965.
(sl Jud Ernest Hewston
Notary Public
My commission expires 7-18-67.
AFFIDAVIT Personally appeared before me, the undersigned Notary Public, Richard Perrino Emmet, who by me being first duly sworn, deposes and says as fol* .,. * * * lows : STATE OF ALABAMA, My name is Richard Perrino Emmet. COUNTY OF DALLAS I presently serve as Judge of the 15th Judicial Circuit of the State of Alabama. Before me, undersigned authority, in and for said State a nd County, personI formerly presided over the Family ally appeared V. B. Bates and being by . Court of Montgomery, Alabama. The Family Court is charged with the reme first duly sworn on oath, deposes and says: sponsibility of ha ndling all juvenile matters. All boys and girls who have I, V. B. Bates, Deputy Sheriff of not reached their 18th birthday are conDallas County, Alabama was assigned s idered juveniles. to special duty of observation in the During the recent disturbances in area of Sy I v an Street and Brown's Montgomery, the present Family Court Chapel during the preparation of Civil Judge was called out of town and inasRights March to Montgomery, Alamuch as I had formerly presided over bama. the Court, I assisted in handling all What I state here is what I actually demonstrators who feJI in the juvenile saw from a distance of 40 feet and less. category. To begin with I saw white females Several white females still seniors in from other counties, other states I behigh school from various northern cities lieve, building up their sexua l desires were taken into protective custody. with Negro males. After a few minutes Their parents were notified and they of necking a nd kissing, the Negro male were released to their parents. Several would lead them off into the Negro college freshmen were also taken into housing project. I watched this proprotective custody who were 17 years cedure ma ny. ma ny times. of age or under. On a nother occasion , I saw a white One white female from the midwest male meet a Negro ma le on the front who is attending college in Florida as porch of Re\·. Lewis' parsonage : they a na tiona l merit finalist was taken into embraced a nd kissed each other mouth custody when she was found with three to mouth . Negro men at night on the grounds of the State Capitol in a state of partia l On Friday afternoon before the Sundisrohement. day of the ma rch to Montgomery. Officer He\rston a nd I 1rere pa rked across I contacted her fa ther, a minister in a mid-western community, informed him of the circumstances in w h i c h his daughter was found, that she was in Montgomery unchaperoned and apparently with no place to stay. He informed me that he had e ncouraged his daughter to come to Montgomery and that she was there with his approval. He did not seem to be shocked __upon learning the circumstances of his daughter's apprehension. (sl RICHARD PERRINO EMMET Subscribed to a nd sworn to before me this 5th day of April, 1965. (sl Walter E. Graham Notary Public, State at Large My commission expires January 21, 1967.
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(Letterhead) STATE OF ALABAMA DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC SAFETY Grove Hill, Alabama STATEM~NT TO: Major John W. Cloud Commander, Ala. State Troopers FROM: Lt. J. L. Fuqua DATE :. 2 April, 1965 SUBJECT: Observed Obscenities during Recent Selma and Montgomery Racial Problem This writer was in Selma from March 8 until March 16 and then in Montgomery until March 29. During the time I was in Selma I was assigned to the 10PM to 6AM shift and stayed in the vicinity of the Brown Chapel Church. One night about 200 demonstrators were singing in the street while I observed a limp wrist white male standing in the front row with a blanket over his shoulder and a black male's shoulder. This whfte man had his arm around the Negro and at one time he kissed the Negro in the mouth with a Jong lingering kiss. A few minutes later these two men walked out of the line together, arm in arm, tqward the church. On another occasion in Selma Lt. Jeffries and myself were making a round around the blocked off area of the church and we stopped a 1957 Ford driven by John Calhoun, a Negro man from Montgomery. There was another Negro man in the front seat and a Negro man and a white girl about 24 years old in the back seat. The girl tried to conceal her race by pulling a coat over her head. This writer got both of these people out of the car, the white girl and the Negro man and observed their appearance. The Negro TWENTY-NINE �l man's pants were unzipped in the front and the girl had on dungaree pants. They were unzipped · on the side. The girl said she was from California. On several occasions I saw white girls rubbing up against Negro men and kissing them on the street in this demonstration. I also saw Negro men feel the breast and butt of white girls, making no attempt to hide this but rather appearing like they wanted everyone to see them. I noticed prophylactics on the ground near the church several different times. <Signed ) Lt. James L. Fuqua
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TO WHOM IT MAY CONCERN:
On March 13, 1965, while on duty at
Selma, Alabama in the afternoon while
standing on the front line at the colored
project on Lawrence Street where the
colored people and white people were
demonstrating, there was a colored
man arm in arm with a white priest.
The odor of whiskey was very much
on · the Negro's breath. From this
writer's experience and opinion the
Negro man was very much under the
influence of alcohol.
Cs ) M. D. TUCKER
Birmingham District
Sworn ·to and subscribed before me
this the 6th day of April, 1965.
(sl Virginia C. McCoy
Notary Public, S'tate at Large
My commission expires November
15, 1966.
posedly religious service on a public street before a public building, an open display for any one who would look on. After the demonstrators had been assembled before the courthouse for a few minutes, rain began to fall. Those of the crowd who had on coats or raincoats began to share their wraps with their pa r't n er s or neighbors in the group. Aging, balding men wearing clerical collars spread their coats and
CONFERENCE ON THE DEEP SOUTH: WAYS AND MEANS TO INTEGRATION FRIDAY-SATURDAY, APRIL 13-14, 1962 HEADQUARTERS: St. Paul Methodist Church 1500 Sixth Avenue; North AFFIDAVIT Before me, undersigned authority, in and for said State and County, personally appeared Mrs. John J. Atherton and being by me fi rst duly sworn on oath, deposes and says: Of the many marches on the Dallas County Courthouse, the one which impressed me as being the most disgusting display of the manifestation of the close association of the motley · crew that had been camping day and night for several days on Sylvan Street, was the demonstration held on the afternoon of March 17, 1965. Most probably by design to incur the wrath of any onlookers, the marchers came to the courthouse two by two, each being a mixture either of older white man with adolescent colored girl or colored man with white woman. A display of so-call 'affection' - hand holding, entwining-arms, waist encircling - all cver t acts of familiarity have long and I realize until recently - been looked upon as in the r oorest taste. All of these were flaunted in a supTHIRTY gathered in youngish colored girls ; others made tents of their coats and several stood huddled close under these improvised umbrellas. Putting their actions down in print cannot begin to convey what went on in the way of numerous physical contacts between members of the two races and of the two sexes. Perhaps this behavior was not 'immoral' in our modern day when the accepted ideas of morality are so Birmingham, Alabama Rev . J. C . Wilson , Pastor
SPONSORS: ALABAMA CHRISTIAN MOVEMENT FOR HUMAN RIGHTS STUDENT NON-VIOLENT CO-ORD INATING · COMMITTEE SOUTHERN CONFERENCE EDUCATIONAL FUND, INC.
HOST: THE ALABAMA CHRISTIAN MOVEMENT FOR HUMAN RI GHTS
THEME: "RELIGION AND THE STRUGGLE FOR CIVIL RIGHTS . AND CIVIL LIBERTIES." Cover of Brochure on April 13 - 14, 1962, Birmingham "Conference" sponsored by the SCEF. �lax. but it most certainly was immodest and distasteful. We very soon closed our blinds against the scene and ha\'e tried to erase the memory from our minds. As my husband is 011 the staff of a local Southern Baptist Church, I spent much of the time the demonstration abo,·e described was in progress trying to defend "men of the cloth" against the criticism being brought , on them by the men attired in "the cloth" 1rho were taking part in this public spectacle. Signed : Mrs. John J . Atherton. Sworn to and subscribed before me this the 8th day of April, 1965. (Signed l Jud. Ernest Hews ton Notary Public My commission expires : 7-18-67.
.,.
.,. AFFIDAVIT AFFIDAVIT STATE OF ALABAMA, COUNTY OF DALLAS Before me, undersigned authority in and for said State and County, personally appeared Mrs. Frances W. Martin, and being by me first duly sworn on oath, deposes and says: This is to certify that I, Mrs. Frances W. Martin, and 50 years of age, and I am employed in the Courthouse, Selma, Dallas County, Alabama, with an office on the third floor . I have witnessed the demonstrations in. and about the Courthouse, since their beginning both from my office windows and going in and out of the Courthouse. I have seen young Negro men and young white women walking down the street holding hands or with their arms around each other's waists. I have also seen young white men and young Negro women doing the same thing and I also saw on one occasion, a white man with both arms around a Negro embracing her, hugging and caressing her bosom, and all this in full view of anyone and everyone who might chance to · look their way. (sl FRANCES W. MARTIN Sworn to and subscribed before me this the 6th day of April 1965. (s) Jud Ernest Hewston, Jr. Notary Public My commission expires 7-18-67. Before me, the undersigned authority, in and for said State and County, personally appeared Charles R. McMillian, and being by me first duly sworn on oath, deposes and says: I am a City Policeman and was on duty during the demonstration in front of Brown's Chapel Church. Due to the fact that it was raining, the demonstrators attempted to put up tents in the middle of the street which was furnished by one of the Negro funeral homes in the city. They were told that
* *
they could not pitch tents in the middle
of the street so they moved the tents
STATE OF ALABAMA,
and put them up on the I awns of
COUNTY OF DALLAS
G. W. C. Project.
Before me, undersigned authority,
After tents were put up, they made .. in and for said State and County, persides for them out of polyethylene,
sonaJly appeared Frank Barr and bewhich is a plastic- that you can see
ing by me first duly sworn on oath,
through. When night came the demondeposes and says:
strators started making their beds on
On March 12, 1965, I was working
the night shift and was stationed on
the ground inside the tents. Both NeSylvan Street near Brown's Chapel. I
groes and white deinonstrators were
bedding down s ide by side. A young
saw white girls and Negro boys, and
teenage Negro boy and girl were enwhite boys and Negro girls pair off
gaged in a sexual intercourse that was
and go into the dark areas of Brown's
interrupted t:y a newsman who atChapel. They would disappear in the
dark areas for as long as 45 minutes
tempted to take a picture of the act.
at a time. I do not know for sure what
I was at the barricade when I saw the
they were doing but I did see these
above. Also during the time spent
couples with their arms around each
guarding the demonstrators there was
other and kiss.ing.
constant kissing and hugging, and rubCs J FRANK BARR
bing up against each other and pairing
Sworn to and subscribed before me
off and leaving the group that was in
this the 7th day of April, 1965.
the street. The above mentioned dem(s J Jud Ernest Hewston, Jr.
onstration took place in March 1965.
Notary Public
This statement is true to the best
My commission expires 7-18-67.
of my knowledge.
's I CHARLES R. Mc MILLIAN
*
AFFIDAVIT
~·worn to and subscribed before me
Statement of K. W. Jones, Captain,
this the 7th day of April 1965.
Montgomery Police Department, con's I Jud Ernest Hewston, Jr.
cerning the sit-in demonstration in
Notary Public
front of the Capitol on March 10 and
My commisison expires 7-18-67
11, 1965, and the indecent incidents
connected with the demonstration.
This statement is made of my own
free will, with no pressure from any
source being exerted.
On March 10, 1965, at about 10:00
p.m. we had a march to the Church,
Columbus and Ripley, and a parade
permit had been issued for this march
for this date. About 1,000 people participated in this march.
The march was orderly and the
demonstrations in front of the Capitol
was orderly up to the point of the
marchers dispersing. The leaders of
the march, who had gotten the parade
permit, wanted to disperse like they
had promised to. James Forman and
about 300 of his group who was in the
march, refused to disperse and sat
down in the street. About 700 dispersed and was escorted back to the
church, -First Baptist.
· The remaining, about 300, huddled
up as a small group as possible and
sang and made speeches. They used
the street. for a bathroom, they urinated until it ran down the street for
about half a block. We could not see
everything that was going on in the
center of the group and this is where
they would go to urinate. Two walked
to the edge of the group and proceeded
to urinate and were arrested. These
were men. There was no mistaking
the smell of urine even though we
couldn't see them urinate. This went
on until about 2: 00 a.m. when they
dispersed.
This is a true and correct statement
and J freely sign my name below.
(sl K. W. JONES
Captain, Montgomery Police
Department
Notary : Mary B. Newberry (s J
Date : April 5, 1965
My commission expires on August
1965.
...
...
...
AFFIDAVIT I, James E. Farris, member of th.e State Troopers of the State of Alabama, do hereby swear and attest and under penalty of perju'ry, that from Monday, March 22nd, 1965, through Wednesday, March 24th, I, among many others, was assigned duty with the other officials in connection with the march from Selma to Montgomery, Alabama. I further swear and attest that during this tour of duty I personally saw many, many cases of drunkeness, sexual promiscuity, and urination in the streets and other public places. I further swear and attest that on March 24th, Wednesday, we were assi~ned duty in front of the Capitol THIRTY-ONE �Building in Montgomery where a large number of marchers had gathered. These marchers stayed in front of the Capitol until approximately 3:00 a .m. Thurs.day morning and so many of · them had urinated in the street (Dexter) that it actually ran a city block down the street. This I saw myself and do not report this as heresay. I further swear and attest that on n u m e r o u s occasions the marchers would walk close to myself, as weii as troopers, and actually curse us, and make most obscene remarks to us. As stated, this happened on many, many occasions. I further swear and attest that traffic was blocked all the way from Dannelly Field into . the city of Montgomery when the marchers arrived in the Danneily Field vicinity on March 24th, 1965. I was on duty that day and saw • this myself. The entire march caused a traffic hazard that just simply could not be adequately guarded against. (s l JAMES E. FARRIS State Trooper State of Alabama Subscribed to and sworn before me this 3rd' day of April, 1965. (s ) J. D. Smyth, Jr. Notary Public Alabama, State at Large My commission expires 5-20-68.
.,.
AFFIDAVIT TO WHOM IT MAY CONCERN : I, Marlon J. Bass, did, ·on the night of the 23rd of March, 1965; see, at the camp site of the Selma to Montgomery marches, a young white girl and a colored man having sex relations. They were on the ground out in the open and did not try in any way to hide as I walked within six or eight feet of them. There were many colored girls and white boys laying in the same sleeping bags. I also saw a white girl about 17 years old and 4 colored boys get into the back of a truck and close the doors. This was befQre dark on the 23rd day of March 1965. They were in the truck about 45 minutes and wheff they opened the door to get out the girl was dressing. This is a true statement. (s ) MARLON J. BASS Route 6 Andalusia, Alabama County of Covington Sworn to and subscribed before me on this 7th day of April, 1965. (s ) Neil L. Coplin Notary Public My commission expires 3-21-66 . ,-• It_ was a hot Spring _in. Birmingham . . Negro youths in Kelly ~ngram Park appreciated most the efforts of the Birmingham Fire D~partment . . This 1s a scene typical of m ost any day durmg the d'e monstrntion. Negro boys playing in the streams of water from the fire hoses. There don't seem to be any "children b!eeding on the ground." THIRTY-TWO �Here are four of the marchers from Selm a to Montgomery who seem t-0 be feeling the effects of the heat--Or the miles--0r something. There was always a helping hand or a shoulder to lean on if the boots began to feel heavy along the way. ��
