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21252 CON GRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE number of them could be brought home Sr., who Yves In Atlanta., was h eard to ask: "What do they want? The mayor ca.zne down. without weakening Europe 's defenses. ' It Is long p ast t ime t hat Europ eans make He tried to speak to them and they wouldn't a larger con tribution to their own d efense. listen. Wha t do they want?" It was a good question, but hard to answer. F urthermore, excessive American troop commitments to Europe a.re very costly in For m ost of the members of the mob may not have known themselves what they tax dollars and in dollar exchange. I t is one of the main causes for the con- wan t ed- unless it was an excuse to throw tinuing unfavorab le balance of p aymen ts rocks and rant about police b rutality. The m ayor says the riot was deliberately which p ermits for eign governments, such as France, to build h uge dollac cla ims against caused by som e of S tokely Carmichael's SNOC henchmen, and h e may be right. For the t h e United States. Dramatizing the n eed to bring pUbstantlal mob began shout ing Nk.ill the white oops" numbers of our troops h ome from Europe 1s after SNCC r epresentatives, a ccording to the latest drop in our gold st ocks of $116,- t h e p olice, spread th e false word that the 000,000 in J uly, the b iggest monthly d ecrease susp ected car thief " h ad b een shot while h a ndcuffed a nd that he was murd ered." in mor e than a year. Whatever m ay h ave been the case with the As often has been the case, Fra nce was t he b iggest purchaser of United States gold , con- , rioters, it seems clear that whait the SNCC people want is trouble, trou ble, trouble. verting about $98,000,000 of its dollar claims An d th.at is wh at they are going to get , into gold. t hough not in the form they wa nt , if t hls Mr . SYMINGTON. I also ask unani- sor t of madness keeps u p. m ous consent tha t an editorial published in t h e New York Daily News of September 8, 1966, entitled "Guest Editortal" with respect to t h e actions of General de G aulle, be printed in the RECORD a t this point. Ther e being no objection, the editorial was ordered to tbe printed in the R ECORD, as follows : / DOUGLAS B OOK RECEIVES RAVE REVIEWS Mr. PROXMIRE. Mr. President, the distinguished senior Senator from Illinois, S enator Doum.As, not only has the m ost t horough economic background of any m an in this body, he also has t h e GUEST EDITORIAL m arvelous gift of being able to convey h is B y Senator STUART SYMINGTON, Dem ocrat, vast store of wisdom to his colleagues in of Missouri, d uring Senate d ebate Tuesday the Sena te as well as the public at large. on a proposal to reduce U.S. forces in West Despite a hectic S ena te schedule a nd E urope: "Paper gold we have been pr inting In in- the in creasing pressures of a major recreasing quan tities for a great many yea.rs. election campaign he h as found the time At the same time, t MSe European countries to wr ite a compreh ensive and scholarly our troqps con tinue to protect have been work on trade, tariffs, and the balance of q uietly c&llecting our real gold . . . If we sit payments. Furthermore, this book, b ack and d o n o thing, and Gen. de Gaulle continues his political and econ omic on- "Ame1ica in the Marlcet Place," has been slau ghts against thls country, he could place greeted with virtually unanimous accla im. Let we quote a. representative In Jeopardy the integrity of the d ollar." commen t from the New York Times review writ ten by economist Robert RIOTING lli ATLANTA Lekachman: Mr. ELLENDER. Mr. President, I ask Thia admirably-- written exposition of unanimous consent to h ave printed in America's p lace in the world economy effecthe R ECORD an editorial entitled "Rioting tively m ingles lucid exposition, person al exin Atlanta," published in the Washington perience and policy prescript ion. I have seen Evening Star of Thursday, September 8, n o clearer accou n t o! the reasoning that 1966. underlies the traditional attachment of T here being no objection, the editorial Anglo-Saxon economists to tree trade . •• was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, Not only is the book given top grades as follows : by the academic community, but it h as RIOTING IN .ATLANI'A won the important . accolade of being The most surprising thing a.bout the riot completely relevant to the debate carried in Atlanta la that it should have happened on in the Nation's newspapers and m agathere. For Atlanta, b y general agreement , zines over the im portant economic issues has been a model for southern olties in it.fl of t he day. For example, the Wall Street race relations. Mayor Ivan Allen Jr. has walked the last J ournal, in an editortal, cites the book in mile in search of racla.l peace. He had almost a rguing a gainst certain types of internasolid Negro support when elected. He was tional commodity agreemen ts as a means one of the few southerners to testify In sup- of promoting the economies of widerport of the 1964 civil r ights bill. He has developed nations. added Negroes to the police force. Atlanta's Senator DouGLAS' book stands as a schools and city faclllties are totally integrated. Many Negroes are employed by busi- tribute to t he brilliance and industry of ness establishments and the cit y has sent one of the finest ligh ts of the Senate. eight Negroes to the state legislature. To find time among one's Senate duties All of this counted for nothing, however, to write a major book is rare.• To find when e. suspect.ed Negro car thief was the energy to create a work that has both wounded while trying to escape from arresting police officers. When some 500 or more popular and academic appeal while Negroes took to the street.a the mayor maintaining Senator DOUGLAS' high climbed on top of a.n automobile an4 tried standard of Senate activity ls rarer still, to reason with them.. He was shouted down. My hat goes off to my good friend ft'om Taunt.a of "white devil" and "black power Illinois. greeted him. F'ln.ally the mob surged Mr. President, I ask unanimous conarounct the car and the ma.yor was j a.rroo loose from his perch and fell to the street. sent that the New York Times book reNo, this didn't happen In a Birmingham view and the Wall Street Jouma.l edior a Selma. It ha.ppened In Atlante.. Little torlal be inserted in the RECORD at this wonder that the Rev. Martin Luther King point. .. September 9, 1966 There being no objection, the review and editorial we1·e ordered to be prtnted in the R ECORD, as follows: [From t he Wall Str eet Journal, Aug. 8, 1966] R EVIEW AND OUTLOOK: THE RoAD TO DEVELOPMENT Despite the many billions of dollars o! a id from the U.S. and other nations, the econom ies of the world's less developed countries are growing more slowly than ln the 1950s . The a u thority for t h at discouraging assessm ent is Paul Prebisch, secretary-general or the United Nations Conferen ce on Trade and E ven more d iscouraging, Development. h owever , are some of his organization's proposed attacks on the problem. Under the UN group's plan , more of the exports of d eveloping count ries woU!d be brought under international commodit y agreements, of the sort t h at now covers coffee. Moreover, p oor er n a tions would get preferent ial treatment for t heir export.s even wh ile they were ,increasing tariffs against goods f rom the richer countries. Superficially, t his program may seem to have some app eal ; a t least the less advanced. n ations would be t r ying to lift themselves mainly throu gh · t rade in stead o! endless grants and loans. Yet as Senator Pe.Ul H . Douglas indica t es in a new book, " Amer ica in the Market Place," It's question ab le wh ether t h is comlilnatlon of price-fixing and p rotectionism is really the b est approach to the poorer nations' problem. Thou gh the commodity agreem en ts supposedly are aimed only a t "stablllzlng" m arkets, t he Senator n otes that their true goal usu ally h as b een t o push prices upward . Wh ile increased profits on a product such as coffee, f or example, may be of some general benefl t to t he economy of the producing n a tion , In the p ast they have chiefly aided a r a ther sm all group of wealth y plan ters and traders. F urth ermore, coffee consumpt ion d oes not n ormally rise with Income, so a price b oost 1s a relatively greater burden on lower-income consumers. Sen a.tor DouaLAS commen ts: " What a price incr ease of this t ype d oes, therefore, 1s to C{>mpel t he p oor an d those of moderate m eans in t h e United Stat es and oth er consuming countries to s u bsidize, among others, the r lch planters In the producing countries ." The su bsidy, though., may be shortlived, since the prlce-pegglng p acts are pron e to eventual !allure. In t h e case of coffee, the Sen ator says, it's d ou btful that the African countries will lon g b e satisfied with their allot ted 22% o! t he market . If they withdraw and start exporting more, the produ cing nations may wind up worse off than they were b efore the cartel was set u p . For our part, we find the plan to discrtmlnate against import.a from lndustrial countries equ ally u nen couruging. The obvious aim is to develop more manufactu ring in the less advanced lands. Unfortunately, where this approach bas been and is being tried, the poorer nations have tended too often to waste their scarce resources on uneconomic steel mills and other "prestige" projects-meanwhile d enying their people t he chance to buy m uch cheaper manu factured goods from more advanced countries. A more promising effort of Mr. Preblsch's group is its campaign to reduce or eliminate tariff barriers among less developed countries. Perhaps the p oorer nations would begin to see the many-sided benefits or broader free trade if some of the industrial countries would cfo more to open their markets to goods from abroad. I! the less advanced nations really intend to speed their development, though, they need to make changes in internal as well as external policies. For one thing, many of them need to place more stress on private �Sept em ber 9, 1966 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE w e obtain as m a.ny pleas of guilt y a.ccomp aruied by a confession or adm!S61on as we did withOUJt such additional evidence. or the 222 d ef endants who had either court or jury trta.ls 85 % were found guilt y. Of thooe found guilty there were one-third who had made an admission or confession. Admissions were present in 45 of those guilty verdic,l;s and 1n only two of these matters w ere t he a.dm.!ssions excluded because of Dorado . T h e trial d eputies ind1ca.te that In only t hree of those cases where t h ey obtained a guilty verdict did they f eel thalt the admission was essen t ial. in ord er to ob tain such conviction. There were no court or jury acquit tals in whioh a confession w as adm.ltted. There were n o acquitta.Ls in any case wh er e there was a confession even thou gh on e conf ession w as e xcluded b ecause of Dorado. Ther e were four acquittals in cases where an adm1,smon, was excluded but there were also seven acquittals wherein adm:isslons were admitted. Again b eca,use of the limited samp le a nd the limited nature of the questionnaire it would be difficult to arrive at any significant conclusion except to ventuTe t he view tha t Dorado la not p rooenting a d1fflcult problem in the prosecution of current cases. If there is any further ln!forma.tion or explanations of these figures th.at you d esire, please let me know. (Copies: Evelle J . Younger, DistriCft Attorn ey; Harold Ackerman , Chief Deput y District Attorney.) WORK SHEETS : CONFESSIONS AN D ADMISSIONS EFFECT OF DORADO COMPLAINT STAGE (a ) Total d efenda n ts, 616 . ( b) Defend ants no confession or adm.lsslon, 367. (c) D efendants confession or admission, 249. (d) Compla in ts Issued-no confession or admission, 236. (e ) Complaints issu ed---<:onfesslon or admission admissibl e , 202. (1 ) Sufficient evidence wit hout confession or admission to s ustain conviction, 149 . ( 2 ) Insufficient evid ence without confession or admission to sustain conviction, 53. (f) Total rejections, 178. (g) Rejectio11&-insufflcient evidence without confession or admission and confession or admission inadmissible, 2. (1) Dora.do ,1 2. (2) Dela y, O. (3 ) Invo luntary, O. (4 ) Other, O. (h) Coniesslon or admission admissible, r ej ection for other reason , 45. (1) Rejection-no confession or admlsslon, 131. PRELIMINAJ\Y STAGE Total d efend ants, 363. Defendants n o confession or admission, 165. Defenda.Dts confession or admission, 198. Confession or admission introduced and received, 139. Confession or admission introduced and not received, 2 . ( 1) Dorado, o. (2) Delay, 0. (3) Involunwy, O. (4) Other, 2. Confession or admission n ot Introduced, 52. (1) Dorado, o. (2) Delay, 1. (3) Involuntary, o. (4) Other,O 61. 1 One of t hese is not completely certainlnfonnatlon sheei Incomplete. 0 Most not mtroduced 11 not needed to hold defendant to a.nswer-ofll.ce tlme ea.vlng policy at prellmlnary level. No. 162--4 Conf essio n or admission and plea of guilty, 4. Confession or admission a.nd di5Dl.!ssal f or r efiling, 1. 21251 man and Fred Guliex) are 1n prison , one serving a 20-year m aximum, the oth er ser ving W e. J ULY 14, 1966. TRIAL STAGE ( I ) Total d efendants, 318. T otal pleas of guilty, 96. (1 ) Accompa nied b y a.dmission, 18. (2) Accompanied b y confession, 31. (3) Unaccom panied by eXJtrajud ical s tatem en ts, 47. T otal d isp ositions of guilt y, no confessions or a dmlssions invo lved , 126. T otal confessions, 49 . T otal a dmissions, 74. Court or Jury d isp osition of gui1t y accomp a nied b y admission, 45. (1) Elfec t of adm.lsslon on guilty disposit ion: S u rpl u sage, l; enhance, 36; essential, 3; u nknown, 3. (2 ) Guilty disposition accompa nied b y admission exclu ded b y Dorado, 2. Court or jury d1sposition of guilt y accom panied by confession, 18. ( 1) Effect of confession on guilty disposit ion : Sw·p lusage, O; enhance, 12; essential, 3. (2 ) Guilty accom p a nied b y confession, exclud ed because of no i ntelligent wa.iver , 1. (3 ) G u llty accomp a nied by confession exclu ded by Dorado, 1. (4 ) Guil ty accompa nied by confession excluded b y Ara n d a, 1. TRIAL S (2 ) Cour t or Jury d1sposl t!on of n ot gullty, no confessions or admissions, 22. Cou rt or jury d1s posltlon of not guilty accompa nied by admission, 11. Cow,t or jury d1sposlt!on of not guil ty acc omp anied b y admission admitted, 7. Court or jury disposi tion of n ot guilt y accompanied by admission exclu ded, 4 . (1) Reason for exclu s ion: Ara nda, 2; unknown, 2 . Court or Jury dispos ition of not guilty acoom p anied b y confession or confession admitted, o. Total con f ession s excl uded , 3. (1 ) Dorado, 1. (2) Ara nda , 1. (3 ) No intelligent wa iver , 1. (4 ) Effect or'·exclusion on d isp osition : diff erent r esult, O; no effect , 3. Total admissions exclu ded , 6. (1) Dorado, 2. (2) Aran da, 2. (3 ) Unknown, 2 . (4) Effect of exclusion on dispos ition : different r esult, 4 (Arand a and unknown) ; no effect, 2 (Dorado) ; unknown, O. [ENCLOSURE 3 ) STATEMENT BY D ISTRICT A TTORNEY EvELLE J , YOUNGER IN RE : DAN CLIFTON RoBINSON We h a ve n ow tried the murderer of Lewis Grego t hree times. Grego waa shot by conf essed-murderer Dan Clifton Rob inson In a r obbery on F ebruary 8, 1962, e.t t h e Fox ~ lls Oount ry Club. The first tria l, Rob inson was convicted and sentenced to d eath. The supreme Cou rt revel'sed b ecau se of an error 1n i nstructing the jury that Willie Hickman, a co-defendant, who did not appeal and ls serving a life sentence, was an a.ccompllce. Again, Robinson waa tried and this time, the jury gave him life. H e app ealed and the D istrict Court of Appeals reversed b ecause the police did not advise him of his rights before he confessed. This time, the District Attorney was forced to go to trie.I without the confession and t he jury acquitted him . The confession was voluntary and admissible under the law as lt ,then exJsted. The defendant now go es tree because the law was changed after the crime. The resUlt ifs a by-product of the Supreme Court's tendency to change t h e ground rules and apply the new rule retroact ively. Ironically, Robinson, who was the trigger man, now ts free. His two accompllces (Willie Warner Hiek- TROOP R EDUCTION IN E UROPE M r. SYMINGTON. Mr. President, I ask unanimous consent tha,t two constructive editorials from n ewspapers in m y S tate, one of S eptember 3, 1966, from t he St. Louis Post-Dispa tch entitled "A For ce Cut in Europe?" and t he o ther from the S t . Louis Globe D emocrat of S eptem ber 8, 1966, entitled " Cut U .S . Forces in Europe" be printed in the R ECORD at t his point. There being no object ion, the edit orials were ordered to be printed in the R ECORD, a.s follows: [From the St . Louis Post-Dispa tch, Sep t. 3 , 1966) A F ORCE CUT IN EUROPE? The White House h as said " No" to Sen a tor MANSFIELD'S proposal f or a Senate r esolution f a voring a "s ubstantia.J. redu ction" of United States f orces in E urop e. But it said s o in a r ather f a int voice, and we h ope t he Senate will not b e d iss uaded from exp r essing i t s ow n opinion on the question. I t has long been clear t liat su ch a r ed u c t ion could b e m.ade wit hout ser iou s impa ir m ent of Europ ea n security. The b en efits, bot h t o our b alance of payments and to the ca.use of detente wit h t he Soviet Union, would be grea t. The R u ssians might b e encouraged to withdra w som e of their own troops from East ern Europe, a nd further steps toward est a blishing a n ew security r el ationship migh t follow. The Presid en t does not always s eek t he " advice a nd consen t" of t he Senate on for eign p ollcy initiatives, but in this case he migh t we ll find a troop-redu ct ion resolution a u seful wa rrant for d oing what h e m a y s ome d a y w a nt to d o withou t taking full r esponslblllt y h imself. The f acts t h at Sen ator MANSFIELD h as the su pport of 13 m embers of t he Se n ate's Democratic pollcy committee , and tha t he has taken care to consult Chairman R USSELL of the Armed Services Committee and R epubllcan Leader DIRKSEN, argue that mor e is involved than t h e pers onal d isposition of a Senator who h ns l ong q uestion ed t h e n eed for maintaining s u ch a lru·ge military establishment in Europe. In any case the Mansfield propos al deserves a symp athetic r eception. At a time when Europe itself acknowledges no need to meet its original NATO troop commitments, wh en the conditions that gave r ise to t h ose commitments h a ve sharply cha.nged, and when we are a.re spending far more dollars a broad than we a re earning, it d oes n ot make sense to go on su p porting 400,000 troops and n early a milllon of their dependents in Europ e. Even If t he Administration ls not r eady t o say so, there ls no r eason why the Senate should not. (From the St. Louis Globe Democrat , Sept. 8, 1966 ] CUT U.S. F ORCES IN EUROPE The United States troop commitment to Eu.rope is muoh too heavy in light of Europe's dram.a.tic recovery and renewed capabllity t o take ove1· the greater pa.rt of its own defen s e. The commitment, made 16 years ago, la woefully outdated . It should be substantially reduced as recommended by 13 Democratic Senators. Un d er vastly changed conditions of today there is no reason to maintain some 4-00,000 to 450,000 American troops and their 1,000.000 dependent.a In Europe. A substan t ial �September 9, 1966 21255 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE point In h er early visits t o J apan a nd India. She was n ot only a radiant rebel , adm!red :for her cha.rm and d isarming m odesty, but also a p r a ct!cal ldeallst whose contribution will be r eal ized by f u ture g ener a tions. CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE IN ATLANTA Mr. TALMADGE. Mr . Presiden t, all responsible and t hlnk.lng Geor giansa nd I am proud to say they constitute an overwhelmlng majority of the people of my State--were shocked this week by the r acial not that erupted in Atlanta last Tuesday. I t was an appalling display of the same brand of lawlessness we have witnessed on many occasions in recent months in a number of cities throughout the Nation . It was the kind of mob violence which can only result in chaos unless steps are taken to restore respect for law and or der. And, just as in other places where racial agitation and disorder have resulted in rioting, the Atlanta riot can be laid at the feet of irresponsible leaders who have gone abou t the country, preachlng disrespect for authority and ~lling m obs into the streets, with no other purpose than t.o create strj.fe and disorder. I am truly sorry that Atlan ta, whose record for peaceful and sensible race relations ls second t.o no other large metropolitan area in the country, has been made a victim of rioting and disgraceful chants of "black power." However, I am pleased to note that because of positive and responsible leadership on the part of the m ayor and the city police, as well as that of respected members of the Negr o community, the 11ot was quelled and handled overall in a most commendable manner. There appeared in the September 7 edition of the Atlanta Constitution an excellent column by Edit.or Eugene Patterson, giving an account of the rioting and the courageous and firm part of Mayor Ivan Allen and responsible Negr o leaders in dispersing the rioters. There also appeared fine edit.orlals In the Atlanta Journal and the Washlngt.on Evening Star commending Mayor Allen and rightly placing the blame for the disorder where it belongs. I ask 'ID'lanlmous consent that Mr. Patterson's column and the editorials be printed in the R ECORD. There being no objection th e material was. ordered to be printed in the R ECORD , as follows : [From the At la n ta (Ga.) Constitu tion, Sept. 7, 1966) A D AY To F ORGET (By Euge ne P a tterson) A f ume o f tea r gas still stung the eye occaslonally. I t made I van Allen look as 1f h e had been weeping. The mayor stood In a pool of glass :fragments In the middle of Capitol Avenue with his shoulders slumped wearily. A police ca.r with blue light flasbing passed on one side of him, and a Grady Hospital ambulance with a red light passed on the other. He lifted his reddened eyes to the porches and looked a.t the Negro men, women and children whose rights he had long :fought :for at the risk o:f his own polit1caJ U:fe. They looked back at him. On the upstairs balcony o1. a bleak apartment house-":four rooms, w1ll redecorate, f59 .60"- a girl or a.bout 16 perked and shook lilly In a silent d a nce. "They d on 't know," Ma.yor Allen sa,!d gently. "They j ust don't know ." But the SNCC leaders knew. Wben Stok ely Carmichael's crowd finally got a police shooting to play wit h , they stirred up th06C men , women and children as s killfully as white d emagogues used to get a ni ght ride going. Like t h e old white mobs, the rock -throwing Negroes d idn't h a ve a very clear Idea what h ad hold of t h em Tuesday. Demagogues had h old of them . SNCC was In char ge. SNCC com es in on a scen e of t rouble like a n ambula nce . But n ot to h ea l any fractures. It h ad b een a lon g, chilly s ummer In the Vine Ci ty slum. SNCC's sou n d trucks h ad failed to stir riots. Ma ybe Vin e City r esid en ts got toughened to the black power d emagoguery and Immune to it. Here, alm ost in t h e shadow or Atla n ta's n ew stadium, was a fresh n eighborhood with a b uilt-In Incident. And here was SNCC. As Allen sa id, the p eople just didn't know. But SNCC did. T o say pa.st white injustices to Negroes was fair provocation for what the b lack p ower zealots did to Atlanta Tuesday ls about like justifying white bombers and burners on grounds some Negroes are cr1m1nal . The major understood wh a t was going on. even while the Negro rock throwers who liter ally t hreatened his 11:fe did n ot. He gave them their target. He walked In the open down the middle of the street while som e policemen were taking cover behind an armored ca r under the hall o:f stones. His oourage was remarked b y every tough cop present. H e acted like a man who didn't wa n t to b e s a fe if his cit y wasn't. ALMOST-BUT N OT QU ITE For a wb'Ue lt looked as if the m a yor might pull it off. He waded !nto1;h e middle of the riotous crowd a t Ca pitol and Onn.ond (you go p ast the stadium on Oapitol, and a.cr05S G eorgia, and across Lit tle and Love-that's right, Love---a nd there's Ormond) a.nd tried to lead t hem out to the s tadium . They :followed him !or a block. The n SNCC got hold o! t h e thing again, yelli ng black power . They wer en "t gonna. go to any white man 's stadium. Pretty soon they had the c:rowd b ack a.t Ormond and Cla.pitol. Allen got up on a pollce car and tried to talk to them. Demagogues knew what to do a.bout t h a t. They r ocked the ca.r violently until he was aha.ken off it. Encircled and shoved, he simply bored d eeper Into the black crowd, d em anding order, exhorting peace. R ocks flew. Windshields and windows criu;hed in. Police cars had their glasaes Slllll8h ed. A white worn.a.n's car was hlt: she paused a t the ·stadium parking lot to s hake the giass out o:f h er h.alr. P eople were getting hurt. Wblle Allen stood between them, N~oes threw r ocks and policem en fl.red into the a.Ir. T ear gas fi n a lly broke that one up. The police r an out of tear gas. But they stood on t h e street corners with their gas guns at the ready and n obody knew they were emp ty until n ew supplies came. Pollcemen are alwa ys targets in mobs Uk e these. The ·strain showed in t h eir faces and you coul dn't blame them. Shotguns, p istols, gas guns, b111ies--the tense brandishing of s o much hardware was Im.posing. They had seen too man y cars smashed , too much anger, to be easy. They were as tight as colled s prlnge, look ing all a.bout . Ther e In the middle of them, unarmed and unrattled, was Mayor Allen. "I wish I could slow t.b.a.t guy d own," said Cap t. George Royall, his police aide a.nd bodyguard, splinting u p Little S treet. The mayor had suddenly walked up there to 1ns1st tha.t a crowd or :ftegroes dlsperee and go to their homes. The crowd m oved slowly . Two policemen were assigned to herd the crowd be.ck up t.b.a.t side street. They were white, though many of the policemen on the scene were Negro. The two white policemen had company. "This Is the Rev. Sam Willia.ms," Capt. R oyall told the p air of police men. "He ls going with you a nd he ls going to a.sk t he people to go to their h om es pea{)ef ully ." The Rev. Willia.ms did. A tough , smart NAACP militant, the B aptist minister and college professor had been figh t ~ for his people against wh ite oppres.sors all hls life and he d id n ot h esitate to gq to the scene Tuesday and fight against their being hurt by SNC C:. It took great courage. He went up the street with the p olicemen , command ing respect. Like Sam Williams, the Rev. Ma r t in Luther King Sr. was there, d eploring violence and la ying the b lame on those who Incited it. "We h a ve got to have la w," the old man said. "If I only h ad m y str ength, I would tell these people we have got to have l aw. Else we have no p rotect ion." "You 've got your strength, old fri end ," Ivan Allen said , taking his h a nd In the street. NEGRO L EADERS GA.ME Negro p oliticians like Q . V. Williamson and J ohn Hood were there, laboring to lead t heir peop le out of folly. Clergymen like the R ev. William Holmes Borders were there , and leaders like J esse Hill. The Negro l eader ship turned out to do what it could, just as staunchly as the white leadership used to do when the Klan mentalltles threa ten ed violence. B u t the viol ent and the disorderly always h ave an adva ntage In seizing l ead er ship of a, cr owd. They are unhampered by r esponsibll!ty and they h a ve emotion goIng :for t h em . Responsible lea ders, rationa l men, often look vulnerab le and even futile 1n such a setting. But they have t o go. Dusk was :falling. " Are y ou hurt? D id any of the rocks hit you?" Allen was ask ed in the lull. He looked at h1.s friend Sam Willia.ms there In the street and laughed. "Man," he kidded, " you know they can't throw any;thing as f ast as I can run . "I've got great periphe ral v ision. Bllnd to color, blind to class. I "ve got to be b lind , h a ven't I , Sa m?" The R ev. Willlams smil ed. "That's r ight," he sa!d quietly. The two strong m en, one white, one b lack, looked at each ot her for a second 1n the gathering night, then moved off to see 1:f they could calm and disp erse s om e more of the silent, s t.a.ring spectators. Walking along the center of the Ca p itol Avenue sidewalk, a tall , thin Negro man wearing a striped sport shirt and a wl6p of beard met a policeman and deliberately confronted him. head-on, refusing to yield room for him to pass. The p olicem.a.n h eld a shotgun at port arms and stood t here of a min ute. He Jer ked his thumb to the side but the Negro did not move. Blind h a tred contorted his !ace into a furious m a sk. The pollcem.a.n shrugged and walked on aroun d him. The thin goateed Negro walked on, mut tering, looking over his shoulder and h ating t he white ma.n with a passion that seem ed to be consuming him l ike some foul ,

fatal f ever .

Shat tered glass l ay In t he street. Flicker Ing llghts glinted on the police guns. Night was :falling and the m ayor was t hinking about opening up the schoolhouse at the c or ner of Capitol and Little and inviting everybody in to talk Instead o! fight, bum , stone and shoot. It was almost as 1:f the m a yor , a.fter h alf a d ay of presenting his b ody in the street, was as Intent on wllling peace and a retu rn to n ormality 8ll he was In building up his

forces of police to crush nny renewed disorder.

In the ga thering d arkness, somebody said to the tired mayor, as h e stood there 1n the street, that h e ought t,o go on home and leave the night peril to h1B policemen and the people on the porches. �21256 September 9, 1966 CONGRESSION AL RECORD - SENATE " Listen," be snapped. " it anything 1s going to hap pen h ere tonight, it's going to happe n over me ." [From t he Washing ton (D.C.) Evenlng Star, Sept. 8 , 1966) RIOTING IN ATLANTA The most surprising thing about the riot in At lanta 1s that is should h ave happened t her e. For Atla n ta, by ge n eral agreement, b as b een a model for southern cities in its r ace rela tions. Mayor Iva n Allen J r. has walked the last mile 1n search of racial peace. He h a d a lmost solid Negro su p port when elected. He was one of the few sout h erners to testify in support of the 1964 civil rights bill. He h as a dded Negroes to the police force. Atla n ta's schools a nd city f acilities a.re tot ally integrated. Ma ny: Negroes are employed by b usiness establishments and t he cit y h as sent ei ght Negroes to the s tate legisla ture . All of this count ed f or not hing, however, when a suspected Negro car thief was wounded while t r ying to escape from a rresti ng police officers . When some 500 or more Negroes took to the streets the mayor climbed on t op of a n a utomobile a.nd tried to reason with them . He was shou ted down. T aunts of "whlte d evil" and "black power " greeted him. Finally the mob surged a round the car a.nd t he m ayor was Jarred loose from h is perch and fell to the street. No, t his dldn't h a ppen In a Birmingh a m or a Selma. I t h a ppened In At la nta. Little wonder t h a t the R ev. Martin Luther King Sr., who lives 1n Atlan ta, was h eard to ask: "What do they want? The m a yor came d own . He tried to speak to t h em and they would n't listen . What d o t h ey want? " It was a good question, but b ard to answer. For m ost o! the members of the m ob may not h ave known them selves wh a t they wanted-unless It was an excuse to throw r ocks and rant a bout police brutallty. T he m a yor says the riot was d eliberately ca u sed by some ot Stokely Carmichael's SNCC h enchmen, a.nd be may be r ight. For the mob b egan sh ou ting " kill t h e white cops" after SNCC representatives, according t o t h e police, spread the f alse- word tha t the suspect ed car thief "had b een s hot while h andcuffed and that he was m urdered ." Wha tever m ay h ave been the case with the rioters, it seems clear that wh a t the SNCC peop le want 1s t rouble, trouble, trou ble. And that 1s what they ar e going to get, tho u gh n ot 1n the form t hey want, It thla sort of mad ness keeps up. Tuesda y night proved who was running the cit y, a nd it ls not t h e mob. It 1s Mayor Allen, and t he magnlficen t b acking given him by the police a nd by sane a nd r esponsible Negro leaders pulled us through this time. But it 1s too much to ex pect t h at Tuesday night l.s going to be the end of it. There are Irres ponsible whit e p eople, seek ers after public offic e included , as well as irresponsible promo ters of " black power" who find this sort of d anger ous idiocy h elpful. Cei-tainly we'll see otl1er a t tempts to pit r ace agai nst r ace, m a ke a smoking s.hambies of Atla n t a and set b ack or der ly progress f or yea rs to come. But the combination which pulled u s t h rough Tuesda y n ight ca.n d o i t again with t he h elp a nd the b acking o! the d ec ent, lawa bidlng citizens of all At la n t a , and run the inviters to riot ou t of town. This h as b een a week of crisis in Atlanta, with a good part o! the Fire Depa rtmen t on strike, a nd the police on extended duty. I t 's the sort of occasion which separates the wh eat a nd the chaff r a pidly, and m a kes us apprecia te the value of the kind or good citizens h ip shown by those who sta y on the Job when trouble com es. T hese are t he mayor, t h e police, t he loyal ists amon g t he firem en, a n d the Negro leaders who k ept t he fai th with t h eir ci ty a nd truly with their peop le. SCHOOL MILK PROGRAM SIGNIFICANT CHILD HEALTH MEASURE Mr. PROXMIRE. Mr . P residen t , fiscal 1967 appropria tions for m atemal and child welfare activities went from $187 million in fiscal 1966 to a House-appr oved figure of $228,900,000. This 1s a wh op ping increa.5e of almost $42 million. Every bit of this in crea.5e is n ecessary. Most of it would provide for an expansion of the program in accordance with the 1965 amen dments to the Social Secur ity Act. But it 1s significant that while we are providing an additional $41,900,000 for child welfare activities 1n fiscal 1967 we apparently can affor d to boost the special milk progr am for sch oolchildren by only $ 1 million fr om last year's appropriation level of $ 103 million to $104 million this year. Yet if ever a program were important -to t h e welfare of our [From the Atlant a (Ga.) Journ al, Sept . 7 , children, th e sch ool mllk program is. 1966) The milk program h elps most those W H O R UNS T HE CrrY? who can least afford to h elp themselves-Magn ificent work on the part of the police, t h e children from poor families living in the personal courage and leadership of Ma yor depressed areas and the slums of our NaI van Allen and the coopern.tl.on of responsi ble tion's cities. It helps t h em by providing Negro polltlcal and religious leaders kept At - a Federal payment toward t he cost of a - la nta out or murderous trouble Tuesday half-pint of milk once or twice a day, beevening. There was m a jor -trouble as i t was, In r e- tween meals. Of ten the local community sponse to an i nvitation to trouble promoted provides th e r emainder of the needed by SNOC and Its Irresponsible new leader, funds. Fw:thei:more the cost to the taxS tokely Carmichael, to protest a case of al - p ayer is minimal, because milk not purleged police brutality . chased under the program would probThere was rioting 1n the streets s01tth o! ably have to be bought and stored under the S tadium (wh ere a detachmen t of state the price support program at Gove1·np atrolmen stood by) , but the coalition of m ent expense. those d evoted to the welfa re of the city preAt least $110 million is n eeded for the vailed. May it con t inue to hold together and p revail for yea.rs to come. school milk program this year if last T he trouble followed the d emagogic pa t- year's 10 percent cut in the Federal r eimtern the coun try has now come to recognize bur sement rate is to be r estored. I insince this n o longer 1s one o! t hose p eculiar tend to fight bard for an additional $6 Southern problems. But the fa mlllarlty of the pattern d oes n ot million for the program 1n a. supplement al appropriation bill. I fully believe make It any less s hocking. Atlanta so far has maintaine d a repu tation that this program ls essential to the for law and or der , and the determina tion of health and welfare of our children as the the mayor t.o keep this repu tation could n ot maternal and child welfare program. I be more o bvious. inten d to see that it 1s properly funded. THE NEED F OR REGULATING THE WIDE-OPEN TR.AFFICKING OF F ffiEARMS IN INTERSTATE COMMERCE Mr. DODD. Mr . President, the records of this Congress include volumes of testimony on the need for regulating the wide- open t rafficking of firearms in int erstate commerce. ·· The bulk of t hose volumes are public hearings conducted by t h e Judiciary Subcommit tee on Juvenile Delinquency of wh ich I am chairman. The purpose pf th ose hearings was to determine whether or not there was a need for the Federal Government to strengthen its own gun laws, and if possible, to aid the several St ates in making t h eir statutes more enforceable. The resul ts of our inquiry, Sen a te bill 1592 is now awaiting the a ction of the J udiciary Com.m.ittee. I had hoped that the full Senate would have h ad the opportunity to vote on the measure before now, but the minority opposing any improvement in our gun laws bas succeeded in blocking Sen ate action,. . Th e gun lobby h as been most effective. Leading the opposition to a law that would thwart criminals, dr ug addicts and mental patients hell-bent on armin g themselves is the National Rifle Association , a tax-free group of some 750,000 members whose m ost r ecent slogan is "America needs m ore straight sbootters." In ea.5y- to-understand language a lobbyist is any person or group who seeks the passage or defea t of any legislation in the Con gress of the United States. However, though n ot a lobby under the law, the NRA's an tigun legislation philosophy 1s adopted and followed by registered lobbyists 8,lllong them, for instance, the gun industry. On August 14, 1966, on the Frank McG ee Repor t on the NBC Television Net work, an NRA spokesman described its nonlobbying activities of the NRA in this way : A teletype in t he legislative suite receives r eports f rom state capitals. Whenever a. state la wmaker introduces a gun control bill the informa tion is q uickly fed to this office . By " this office" the spokesmap meant t he upper r eaches of the m ulti- milliondollar national headquarters of the Nation al Rifle Association in downtown Washington , D.C. Mr. P r esident, at the conclusion of my r emarks, I would like th e text of the Frank McGee report printed in the CONGRESSIO NAL RECORD . The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without objection, it is so ordered. <See exhibit 1.) Mr. DODD. Mr. P resident, consistent with the nonlobby image it spends into the seven figures each year to pr oject, on Septem ber 1, 1966, the NRA shelled out almost $ 10,000 for full page ads in the Wasbin'gton Post and the New Yor k Times throwing its weight behind "enforceable measures to keep firearms from irresponsibles, incompetents, and ciiminals," amongst other things . The advertisemen t was discussed at some length in the September 9, 1966, �