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1963 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - AP~ENDIX The letter follows: The Job of Ending Job Discriminatio ECONOIIIIC Am ANAI,YZED: U .S. Goons AND SERVICES ACCOUNT FOR 90 P ERCENT, BELL EXTENSION OF R EMARKS SAYS To the EDITOR OF THE NEW y ORK TIMES : Some of your readers might have dra Incorrect inferences from figures you pu Usbed in section IV of your J uly 21 edit! regarding the rela tionship of economic t o the b alance of p a yments ot the Un S tates. You showed " economic a id" as a debit in the U.S. b ala nce of p ayments for 1962 a mounting to $3.5 billion- In a year in which the total deficit was $2.3 billion. An unwary r eader could easily h ave dra wn t he Inference t h at all we need to d o to remove the defic it would be to cut " economic aid" by $2.3 blllion. Such a n act ion would or course be ineffect ive. "Economic aid" as shown in your fig ures Includes ·t he outflow of surplus agricult ural commodities under Publ!c La w 480 ( about $1.3 billion in 1962), plus the outflow of goods and services-and dollars-financed by loans a nd grants und er our f oreign aid. With the policies tha t a re now in effect, m ore than 90 percent of total "economic aid" r epresents U .S . goods and ser vlces--not dollar outflow. Under these circumstances, a cut 1n congressional a ppropriat ions would principally r educe U.S. exports--wlt hout affect ing the b ala nce -of-payments d eficit substantially.

EFFECT OF CUTS ON EXPORTS Recognizing the difficulty of estimating precisely t he effects of a change in a single f actor in the b alance of p a ymen ts, it ca n be said as a rough a pproxima t ion tha t a ·m eb illlon-dollar cut in " econom ic aid" would r educe U .S . exports b y $900 million a nd t h e d eficit 1n t he b alance of payments b y $100 million. (It t he h yp oth etical cut wer e as sumed to affect what Is ordinarily called foreign aid-and not to affect Public Law 480 and the Export-Import Bank-the proportions would be about $800 m1111on reduction In U .S . exports, and $200 million In the U .S. balance-of-paymen ts deficit. ) The conclusion Is clear. Under present p ol!cles, with economic and mlllta.ry assistance to other countries almost entirely taking the form of U.S. goods and ser vices, a lmost no gain to the balance-of-p ayments deficit can be achieved by reducing our foreign aid programs. Moreover, a foreign aid cut made on the mistaken assumption it would have a major impact on our payments deficit would instead serve chiefly to reduce U.S.-produced goods and services purchased for use abroad. I should also like to point out the positive gains to the United States from the establishment of progressive, growing economies abroad-which Is the main purposes of our economic assistance. U.S. exports to the Marshall Plan countries more than doubled from 1953 to 1962. Our exports to Japan more than tripled from 1950 to 1962. In many ot the countries of Asia, Africa, and Latin America, where our economic aid goes today, aid-financed u.s. exports are finding acceptance and be- OF HON. WILLIAM FITTS RYAN OF NEW YORK IN THE HOUSE OF R EPRESENTATIVES T hursday, August 15, 1963 Mr. RYAN of New York. Mr. Speaker, the elimina tion of discrimina tion in employment is crucial to the civil rights battle. Until .t here is equality of job opportunity for all our citizens, full equality cannot be r ealized. A m a jor barrier has been discrimination in the apprenticeship progr a ms for skilled jobs. The worker of the future m ust be a skilled worker, and the Negro has been hurt in his search for a job because he is often, too often, unskilled. John F . H enning, Under Secretary of Labor and Manpower Administrator f or the Depa rtment of Labor has written a searching statemen t of the problems facing Government apprenticeship programs which appeared in the July 1963 issue of the American Federa tionist, the official m onthly of the AFL-CIO. I wish to bring his article to the a tten tion of my colleagues: E XPA.NDING APPRENTICESHIP FOR ALL AMERICANS (By J ohn F . Henning ) American Negro demands for fair employm ent h ave turned sharply to a precise area of dlspute : a pprenticeship train ing. T he new emp h asis is h ardly su rpris ing. Skilled journeymen a re t he Income elite of manual lab or . They look to a br igh tening future. All responsible projection s of U.S. la b or f or ce n eeds cite the continuing ca.JI for skilled labor and the d eclining p roportions of unskilled wor k . Back In 1957 the U .S. D.!lp artment of Labor issued Its now historic projections of t h e la bor force reqUlrements of the 1960's. The stu dy estimated that in 1970 America w!ll need 42 p er cent more professional and technical workers than in 1960, 24 p ercent more sales and ser vice p ersonn el, 22 p er cent more skilled workers, and 18 percent more semiskilled. The p ercentage of the unskilled will be down . T he prophecy presu mes a f ull employment economy In 1970. Without ec·onomic growth, both sldlled and unskllled will suffer. But not ali ke . For example, d uring the past 5 years, the national unemployment rate has approximated a disturbingly high 5.6 . percent, but 1n this p er iod the jobless rate among the unsk!lled has been at least twice that of the skilled . Whatever the course of the economy, the days of the unskilled a ppear numbered. Long ago Benjamin Franklln observed that he who hath a trade hath an estate. The d!fflculty is that he who rath a trade usually hath a white skin. As in Franklin's time, the one certain road to journeyman training ls the apprenticeship system. To some the road seems a narrow, twisted trail, bordered by b igotry and prlvllege. Whatever Its hazards, more than 150,000 young Americans today are found In registered apprenticeship programs. The average apprenticeship embraces 4 years of on-the-job training and normally entails 144 hours of related classroom Instruction a year. J coming famillar to consumers--which will enhance our normal commercial export markets in the future as those countries increase their incomes and their International purchasing power. DAVIDE. BELL, Admtninrator, Agency for International Development. A5239 The t ripar t ite forces of la bor, m a n agement, a nd Government sh ape the cha racter of ·apprenticeshlp tra ining. But the sh a pe of t h in gs does not satisfy a ny Amer ica n sensitive to the dem a nds of democracy. Federal responsib!l!t y ca me to apprenticeship with the a dopt ion of t he F itzgerald Act in 1937. The Fit zgerald Act called for F ederal a nd State Government promotion of la bor-ma n agement a pprent icesh ip progra m s. The Government role h as b een noncontroll!ng 1n t h a t actu al on-t he - job tra ining b as b een d irected b y t he employer, usually u n der union-nego tia ted conditions. The Government role h as b een significa nt in t h a t the U .S. Department of La bor and t he severa l State a p prenticeship agencies fix min imum sta nda rds for program r egist ra tion. Registra t ion en t itles apprentices in a pproved progra ms t o employment on Federal publ!c works projects and assures approved programs of t he ser vices of the Labor Dep a r t ment's Bureau of Apprenticeship and Tra ining or the services of the pertinent Sta te a gency. Historically, Federal registration of progra ms h as applied a like -to State sponsored as well as f ederally directed progra ms . Thirty Sta t es m anage their ow n a ppren ticeship agencies. In the r em a ining 20, the Federal Government alone · sponsors a nd guides appr enticeship . ·· Civil rights spokesm en long have h eld t he idea tha t Federal registration should be de- · nied any program stained by e t hnic discrimina tion. AFL-CIO President George Meany agrees . Mea ny b acked a 1961 attempt to write such a d enial int o F ederal law. Meany not ed , however, tha t discrimina t ion 1n a pprenticesh ip ls only p art of total job d iscrimin ation. He urged enactment of n Na tional F air Employment Practices Act with full powers of enfor cement. Bu t t he immediate question Is, What can be realized in the absence of a national FEP law? I n July 196 1, t h en Secretary of Labor Arthur Goldberg announced the Department of Labor would t hereafter req uire the inclusion of a sp ec!flc nondiscrimination statement in all apprenticeship standards of firms handling Gover nment contracts. He further declared a slmillar p rovision wou ld be required in the registration of any new apprenticeship program regardless or Its relationship to Federal works. La bor Department action did not die with the G oldber g pronouncement. The followIng achievements merit attention: I . Within the p ast year, the Bureau of Apprenticeship and Training assigned four minority consultants to the task of opening opportunities to Negroes and other minority peoples. Now located in Washington, New Yor k, Chicago, and San Francisco, they counsel with employers, joint apprenticeship committees and unions on a regional basis to encourage acceptance of qualified minority appl!cants. Additionally, they advise minority groups on apprenticeship fundamentals and admission processes. II. Secretary of Labor W. Willard Wirtz on February 27, 1963, announced the appointment of a National Advisory Committee on Equal Opportunity in Apprenticeship and Training. The Committee consists of 15 members; 4 from management, from la bor, 5 from minority organizations, and 2 from the public. The Advisory Committee held its first meeting In Wa6hlngton on May 14 under the chairm a nship of the Under Secretary of Labor. The committee developed a five-point action program: �.. A5240 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - APPENDIX 1. The establishment of appren ticeship Information centers in cer tain critica l cities throughout the Na tion. 2 . The fost ering of apprenticeship information centers t hrough Sta-te app rent iceship councils wh erever feasible. 3. The creation of research p rograms t o m easure th e present dep th of minority par ticipation In apprenticeship p rogra ms. 4. The Implem en tation of present antidiscrimination p rovisions In apprenticeship programs regist ered with t h e U.S. Dep artm ent of Labor. 6. The con sider ation of preapprent iceship p rograms for t h e training or you ng worker.a not qualified for a dmission to apprenticeship programs. III. The Depart m en t of Lab or, in coopera tion with t h e District of Colum b ia Apprent iceship Counc!I, the District of Columbia Commissioners and sch ool au t h orities, the U .S. Employment Service, labor a nd m an agement, open ed Its first Apprent iceship Information Oonter on June 17 In the Nation's Cap it a l. The In.formation Cen ter, which t h e Dep artment proposes to extend through ou t the Nntlon, offers young apprenticeship appliennts p ersona l and group coun.aolln g , nptlt ude testing, information on educational requirem ents a nd related da ta p ertaining to District apprenticeship program s. I t also offers a n orqerly sys tem or r eferra l to Joint a pprentlcesh lp committees and ser ves a~ a point of contact for unions, employers, and m inority groups. The values of the I nformntlon Center are Intended for all young Am9"lcan s, whatever their race, color, creed, or n at ion al origin. But t he Cen ter should b e of particular value to Negroes a nd ot h er m inorities from wh om t he knowledge of admission procedures a nd req uirem ents often h as b een withheld. IV. Secretary of Labor Wirtz Issued a directive to a ll Joint appren ticeship comm it tees of the Dist r ict of Columbia June 6, 1963, on the discrlmln at!on crisis in the District Jur!sd!dtlon. The Secr etary llst.ed the following requ!rem en ts for-- program s hoping to enjoy Federal reglstra tlon rlgh ts : 1. It apprentices a re not selected by a merit system alone, selections mus t be m ade in a manner that demonstrates equality of opportunity. 2. Waiting lists which reflect previous dis criminatory practices m ust be subjected to wh atever action ls necessary to offset such discrimination . V. President Kennedy on J une 4, 1963, directed the Secretary of Labor to require tha t "admission of young workers to appren ticesh ip programs be on a completely nondiscrimin a tory basis." VI. Following Secretary Wirtz' order of June 11, 1963, the Bureau of Apprenticeship b egan a 50-clty check of Negro a pprpntlcesh!p p articipation In Federal construction projects. The varied a ctivities here cited Indicate t he commit m en t of the Ken nedy administration to equa lt ly of opportunity In ap pren ticeship. The President h eld a nation a l conferen ce With 300 la bor officials a t the White House June 13 In wh ich b e ca lled for the end of Job d iscrimination a t every level of union Jurisdiction. This was one of a number of conferences on civil rights h eld with busin essmen, educators, clergymen, an d lawyers. However, the President noted that genuine equality of opport unity could be meaningful only in a f ull employment economy. National morality and the times will permit nothing less than full job equality, but without full employment this means sh arin g job scarcity regardl ess of r ace, color, creed or n ational origin. Job equality mu.st m ean sharing the bounty, not the scarcity of n ational life. But apprenticeship at its fullest would hardly have the capacity to s olve youth unemployment. The problem is beyond that. August 15 During the calendar year 1962, teen age un- I ndians p articipat ing _in California apprenemployment averaged 13 percent aga.lnst an ticeship programs as again.st 150 Negroes. overall n ation al figure of -5.6 percent. Dur- Mexican-Americans munbered 5.21, Japaneseing 1962 t h e a verage teen age u nemployment Americans 31 and Chinese-Americans 18. total was 816,000 workers. · The find ings suggest that Negroes n umbe1' Between 1957 and 1962 the total number just a bit more than 2 percent of Califorof r egistered apprentices In tra ining aver - nia 's apprentices. In the Federal census of. 1960, Negroes form ed "5.8 percent of the total aged 160,000. Appren tices In t rain ing today average only State p opulation and 4.7 percen t ot the 3 percent of the 6,077,000 teen age workers St ate"s m a le labor force. In the U.S. labor force. Of t h e teenage total, The State committee d a ta on minority 3,017,000 are male. r epresen tation among journeymen certified T he apprenticeship solu t ion assumes even in 1955 also are revealing. less prom ise when pictured against a 50A one-fourth r eturn of inquiries pegged percent mortalit y r ate. The consis t en t n a- ' Negro p articipation at 1.6 p ercen t. · t ional experience suggests that only o~e-hal! The journeymen survey indicates the reof those n ow in t ra ining will know ourney- warding n ature of skilled employmen t . m an status. Seventy-two p ercent of t he graduate a pprenThe propor tionate place of apprenticeship t ices wer e earning $7,000 or m ore a year, m u st also b e seen in t h e perspective of the while 52.4 percent wer e earnin g over $8,000 awesome burdens the America n economy will p er annum. On ly 11.2 p ercent were earning confront in the 1960's. less than $6,000 p er year . T h e U.S. Department of Labor tells tha t Ninety p ercent were enjoyin g full employt h e economy 1nu st provide 34.6 million n ew m ent on a yearly b asis. jobs I n ·t h e 1960'a to m n Lch Lbe demn uda or

8otb ourvoyo confirm 1.be ol<lllcd ll\bor

population growth and tech nological change. problem .of t he Negro. But the totals do not The labor force will realize a net increase necessarlly prove d iscrim in ation. For exof 12.6 m!lllon throu gh population expan- ample, in certain survey areas Negroes had EJl n . --rh..la l nvo l veu LU1 lnc r o uiJl! o r 2 0 xnurn.rol'y , If ovor, u,p pll d. ! or upprontloonb.lp ltd • lion ·young workers. Death a n d the r etir e- mission . The f allure could r epresent either ment of old er workers will determine the resigna tion to bias or the absence of trainin g q u alifications. 12.5 million net figure. The t echnological impact will be great er . Tradition ally, Negroes h ave been the p arThe Labor Dep artment estimates t h e annu al t icular victim s - of h ast y and frequently 1.nrate of productivity Increase will be about dlfferen t counseling in the high school sys3 p ercent t hrou gh out the 1960's. This means tem s. In California's soaring school p oput h e output per m an-bout wm jump abou t lation , a senior student Is f ort unate If h e 3 p ercen t each year . The job displacemen t receives 1 hour of personal counselin g in statist ics b ecome frightening wh en t he 3 h is final year. This obtains .for any st udent percent produ ctivity r ate Is a pplied to an wha t ever bis r ace or s kin. The n a tional annual aver age employment figure o! 74 m il- practice Is scarcely d!Jierent. Each year thou.san ds of young America.us lion workers. F or t he 1960's this m eans t h e economy m u st provide 2.2 million new Jobs emerge fr om the secondary schools without each year to care for technological progress. any sen se of occupational d irection . A deThe decade's d em and wlJI be 22 million Jobs. qua t e h igh school counseling would be of The statis tics are germ ane because ap- p articular ben efit to t h e children of Negro prenticeship, unUke voca,t!onal education , a l- families recen tly rem oved f rom the agrarian ways h as been a job-related t raining sys- Sout h . These young p eople suffer t he same tem. Un less employers determine to hire lack of skilled labor tradition as did most of apprentices there ls no appren ticeshi p sys- the 19t h century European !.fumigrants who tem. Further , u nion.a relate the number of poured Into America searching for f reedom admitted a pprentices to the number of em - and opp ortu nity. Bu t wh ere immigrant Europeans could ployed journeymen . Given f ull em ploymen t , apprentice.ship seek manu al labor ln coal and steel and maritime employment, today's young Negro could come to its greatI\_ess. But at this h our, the immedia te cnsls f aces a labor m arket In wh ich there is little of a ppr enticeship discrimination plagues the f u ture for the unskllled . Not only because of d iscrimination but national conscience and cries for action . The Kennedy a dministration reforms must also b ecau se of lack of skills, Negro unemsu cceed. There Is hope and preeecten t in ployment is consistently tWice t he overall national average. In t h e calendar year 1962 the experience o! California . Four years a go Gov. Edmund G . Brown t h e rate of unemployment among Negroes n am ed appren t icesh ip bigotry a special was 11 percent against a n ation al average evil a nd called for r emedies. Adopt ion of 6.6 p er cent. Negroes rep resent 11 percent of a ll American workers but represent 22 of an FEP law In 1959 h elped greatly but was not q uite enough . The subtleties of p ercent of all unemployed. As indicated earlier, economic growth is apprenticeship bias often escape FEP enthe first requisite of f ull employment in the forcement. California's pla n h as won n ational praise. 1960's, the full employment that will give It feat u res (1) statewide and local commit- Job opportunity to a ll Americans. Economic growth, however, Will n ot find t ees on appren t icesblp opportunities for memb ers of minority grou ps; (2 ) local ap- employment for the unskilled . America n eeds an active labor market prentice Information cen ters for m aking vit al data a va ilable to high-sch ool stud en ts p olicy t o accompany the fiscal a.nd monetary policies of growth. An active labor and graduates. The statewide opp ortunities committee market policy would directly answer the was fou n d ed In 1960. It is comprised, like training n eeds of the U.S. labor force. The the Nat ional Advisory Committee, of labor, rate of unemployment among un.skllled man agem ent and m inorit y group represen- workers In t h e calendar year 1962 was 12 tatives and Includes Government spokesmen. percen t aga.l.nst the national average of 5.6 The California committee last year devel- p ercent. An active labor market policy also would oped t wo precedent-smashing surveys of the end racial and ethnic d iscriminat ion in emdepth of discrimination . The Initial study approached the ethnic p loymen t . But it would do more than that. It would identity of the more than 20,000 apprentices receiving training In CaUfornia. The sec- also achieve these ambitions: 1. An updated labor market in.formation ond Involved an ethnic sampling of journeym en who completed their apprentice Q'ain- service for workers a.nd employers. ing In 1955. 2 . An employment service warning sysThe first survey, based on a one-t.hird re- tem for Impending techn ological changes t urn of questionnaires, revealed the star- a.nd other changes causing serious job distling evidence that t here were 283 American placement. �1963 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - 3 . An effective informational service for career guidance and counseling. 4. An educat ional system, vocational as well as academic, wh1ch would answer curr ent and upcoming manpower n eeds. 5. An exp a nded a pprenticesWp training program. 6. An Improved system of j ob placem ent services. 7. A program f or aiding the mob ll!ty of workers. In summary, !t is obvious that Negro d is cr!m!nat!on in appr ent iceship has !ts unique and general fea tures. The Negro suffers b ecause of h is skin. Bu t h e suffers also be ca use he often ls an u nskilled worker in a n economy whtch h as lim!ted place f or the unskllled. Finally, h e suffers b ecau se he is a worker !n a society wh ich h as not yet found the wa y to full employmen t . The Issue of employment discrimin ation is not peculiar to a pprenticesh ip . It will b e found e verywhere, including the b anking, In su rance, and newspa per wor lds. I t will be f ound. in the professions and t h e r eligions of America. Indeed , d iScr!min a tlon is often strongest In sectors of n onunion employment. American la bor mus t p ersist in Its effor ts to realize full employmen t a nd the a bolition of the last measure of job d iscrimina tion. The efforts must reach to t he St a te counc!ls, local counc!ls, a nd local unions. The m atter ls moral . For m ore tha n 100 years la bor h as served as the social conscience of t he Nation. ' Unpurchased and unafra id , It h as led the everlasting struggle t o attain a society In which bread , security, and freedom shall be the right of all American s wh atever their r acial, r el!g!ous, or ethnic ident ity. Labor holds priceless creden tials of sacrifice and struggle. I t must use these c redentials n ow as mortal conflict shakes t he Nation. The h onor and duty of leadership r est wi t h t he trade union movement. Diplomatic Relations With a Quisling -EXTENSION OF REMARKS or HON. EDWARD J. DERWINSKI 0 11' ILLINOIS IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES T hursday, August 15, 1963 . Mr. DERWINSKI. Mr. S peaker, one of the proofs of retreat of the appease- ment-minded dreamers of the New Frontier is their h andling of the Soviet imposed Eastern European Red governments. The St. Louis Globe-Democrat, in an editorial on Monday, August 12, very concisely discusses our rela tions with Hungary, and under unanimous consent , I insert it into the R ECORD at this point : DIPL OMATIC R ELATIONS WITH A QUISLING As was widely predicted, t h e Un ited S tates is seeking to resume fu ll d1plomat!c relat ions with the H ungarian r egime. R eaders will recall that d1plomatlc ties were curtailed during the 1956 revolution against Soviet control. · T he loss of that revolution yoked the H un garians with a quisling regime run by the traitor, Janos Kadar, the lia ison man with the Soviet tank commnnders who decimated his people. Doubtless, the new American move w!ll be hailed by those who seek to avoid irritants in our r elations with the Soviets. But what in the name of diplomacy do we have to gain by sending an American minister to APPENDIX excha n ge views with the special toad y of Mr . Khrushchev In Buda pest ? . Ca n a n yone actually b elieve tha t 7 years after the Buda pest bloodba th. the r egim e enscon ced a t the p oint of victorious Ru ssia n b a yonets Is now the legit imate r epresentative of t he H ungarian people? If this America n palliative to the touchy soviet sens!b!lit!es over their wret ched r ole in Eastern Europe Is t o be typica l of ou r moves t o ease tensions, we would prefer to r etu r n to t he cold war . The Legacy of Project Mercury EXTENSION OF REMARKS OF HON. CHARLES H. WILSON OF CAL IFORNIA IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Thursday, August 15, 1963 CHARLES H. WILSON. Mr. Speaker, one of the companies actively engaged in the conquest of space is the Garrett Corp. of Los Angeles. This company employs more than 10,000 skilled personnel and produced the important environmental control system (ECS ) for Pr oject Mercury. In the Spring issue of New F r ontiers, a Garrett publication, an article dealing with the aspects of both the Project Mercury program and the Proj ect Gemini progra m bas cau ght my interest. I know many Members of the House are constantly sear ching for more information on the r ace to the Moon, and I t h erefore bring this article to the attent ion of~ colleagues. The article is as follows : Mr. TBE LEGACY OF P ROJECT M ERCU RY (By J ohn W. Bold) He was the last to ~o. Sh epard, Grissom , Glenn , Carp enter, an d Schlrra already had experienced the tense countdown, t h e surge of r ocketing into space, the exhUira tl,Qn of weightlessness and the security of recovery. But Gordon Cooper's 22 -orbit flight was the longest and most precise. ms was, for 29 h ours, a textbook fli ght. But !n the last few hours the NASA-McDonnell t eam used "all the p ages in the b ook." In the last fe w mi n u tes, an electrical problem forced the youngest astonau t to carefully position his s pacecraft, fi re the retro rockets and guide his Fai t h 7 spacecraft down t hrough t he a tmosphere-all by hand. He com pleted his long 34-hour, 600,000-m!le fli gh t wit hout the a id of aut omatic equip m ent. I t was a susp en sef ul ep!logu e to the 4 year saga of Proj ect Mercury. Shepard 's flight was the daring first . Grissom confirmed data and pr ep ared us f or a n orbi tal mission. Ca r penter's took a breathless " month" of m inutes b efore recover y was accompl ish ed in th e At lan t ic. Astrona u t Glenn's was a "real fi reball." Sch lrra. flew t h e first "textbook " fligh t . All six, each !n h is way, con tribu ted new d ata, new d rama. t o t he st6ry of manned space fligh t , t old !n an unprecedented f r ankness by NASA's M(lnncd Spacecraft Center. But now is the t ime for retrospection . The Wgh ly successftU Projec t Mercur y program has ended . During this 5-year p rogram, wh at have we lear ned ? What new t h eories h ave evolved from this Nation's first mann ed space program? What new engineering con cepts wil help us In future spacecr aft d evelopment work? In particular, what have we learned A5241 f r om P roject Mercury that w ill aid us in Pr oject Gemini? An in sight int o the answers to these q u estions can be gained a t Garrett-A!Research , which produ ced the vital environmental control system (ECS ) for Project Mer cury, u nder contra ct to McD.onnell Aircraft Co. It ls now d eveloping a slm!lar system for Project Gexnin!, again un der a McDonnell contract. Both programs are under the tecb n!cal d ir ect ion of NASA's Ma n n ed Sp acecraft Center. Na turally, the experience of both com pa n ies gained in P roject Mercury tran scends into the Gem!ni pr ogra m. "Exper ience ls the b est sch oolmast er, a nd it h as t a u gh t u s a grea t d eal ," r eflects R . C. "Dick" Nelso11 , AiR esearch's progra m m anager for the Project Gem !ni en vironment al con t rol system . "At an ear l y meetin g a t McDonnell," h e r eca lls, " we were a ble to sit down a nd quickly determine and analyze problem areas. Imm ediately we foresaw ch anges in the ECS which would be n ecessar y b eca u se of ch a n ges in the mission profile and wh at we learned from Mercury. "From our point of vtew," Nelson believes. "there 's on e Important · thin g we've learned f rom Mercury. Tha t's a bout the man. He h as shown tha t a well trained 'test p!lot ,' who can t hink and act Is more d esira ble t h a n t h e most sophistica t ed , a u tom atic equip ment yet designed ." "As a result," Nelson continues, "the Gemini environmental cont rol system will h a ve less a utomatic control more xnanual operation. By reducing the complexity of the system we wlll increase rella b!lity. Since t h e Gemini astrona uts will h a ve ' time on t h eir ha.ncis' to think and act durl.n g their 2 week mission, less a u tom ation ls re quired ." (F ollowing Gordon Coop er 's flight, Walter C. W!lJiams, associa te d1rector for NASA's Manned Spacecraft Center, told the p ress that if a m a n were not a board the Faith 7 h e dou b ted 1! It could have reentered and been recovered .) I n P roject Gemini, man's requirements wlll be b asically the same. T hus the f u nct ion of the ECS remains u nchanged- to provide two astrona u ts a safe and comfortable atmosphere f or 2 weeks ln space. The system wlll provide f r esh oxygen, cabin and suit pressurization, thermal control, water m a n agem ent and toxlc gas removal. To accompUsh these functions, the Gemini ECS can be grouped Into the following functions: the loop, or circuit, for suit cooling and p ressurization; the cabin loop for cooling and pressurization; the fr esh oxygen supplypr imary secondary, and emergency egress; t h e water management loop; the coolant loop. The egress oxygen supply ls part of the launch a bort system, slmllar to aircraft t ype ejection seat s . It will be u sed !n Gem ini in lleu of the escap e tower system wh ich wns u sed in Proj ect Mercury. The learning curve which "lifted off th e p ad " With Mercury h as d ictated som e changes in the Gemini system as compared t o Mercury. Nelson llst.s seven areas In which Mercury experience h as resulted !n Impr ovements : 1. Coolan t subsystems and t h ermal regulation. 2. P ressure r egulation. 3. Moisture rem oval. 4. Su it compressors. 5. System geometry and installation. 6. Testin g. 7. R ells bUity. In addi tion , t h e longer mission profile haa r esulted in new concepts in the following areas : 1. Oxygen su pplies. 2. Heat transfer equipment. 3. P ower su pplles. 4. System servicing. 5. Water management. �A5242 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - For oxygen st orage: a different source replaces the high pressure system (7,500 pounds per square inch) used in Mercury. The new source, a supercritical system, will serve as the primary source of oxygen. A high pressure source (5,000 pounds per square inch) wm be secondary. Supercritical storage defies definition In layman's terms. However, it 1s oxygen compactely stor ed in a sta te between a gas and a l!qUld. In orbit the supercritical storage provides enough oxygen with ample r eserve for two men, for 14 days, in the Gemini spacecraft-occupying a minimum of space and weight. During reentry, the high pressure source, which also serves a backup for tt:re supercritical system, will supply the necessary oxygen, pressurization and cool!ng. In Project Mercury, cooling was totally dependent on a cabin and suit heat exchanger boiling water as the coolant. These wa ter boilers were ideal for the weight and short mission of Mercury. In fact, In some instances, water will continue to be used for cooling In Gemini. However, the cooling burden In Project Gemini will f all on sbi: heat exchangers using a recycling oil-type coolant Instead of water. Heat absorbed by the coolant will be radiated Into space instead or boiled off as steam as in Mercury. The constant manual control of the hea t exchangers will also be eliminated. This operatlOJ\, slm1lar to adjusting a home a ir conditioning system, will be replaced by an automatic system with manual . override. This wm eliminate excessive temperatures Incurred before the bolling process stabilized temperatures in the spacecraft-usually before the end of the first orbit. Expulsion of the coolant in Mercury was accomplished in a pressurized tank with a bladder forcing the water out. The Gemini system wm comprise a closed loop unit including four parallel pumps--two In a loop-for more effective coola nt circulation. During each launch the Mercury l!thium hydroxide canister required special attention. Engineers kept an accurate count on the time each cannister was u sed and tested. This way, launch personnel were assured sufficient lithium hydroxide was available !or carbon dioxide removal tor the entire length of the mission. In Gemini, lithium hydroxide will be used again; however, the amount Installed In the re-entry module w111 be more than adequate. _ The water separator, which was a pneumatically operated sponge type, will be replaced by a static type separator with no moving parts. This development is an outgrowth or Garrett's extensive aircra ft air conditioning and pressurization experience. It ellmlnates the possibility or high moisture content (humidity) In the sp acecraft, and with no moving parts, Is more reliable. Sult and cabin compressors will have greater capacity (23 and 88 cubic feet per minute respectively) but wlll require little additional power. Conservation of electrical power has been a design objective throughout the Gemini program. But It Is not a n easy goa l. In Mercury, A!Research d elivered 49 different ECS components to McDonnell where they were assembled. The Gemini system contains 114. However, as Dick Nelson puts it, " we are marrying many of the components here at A1Resear ch ," so that 84 components will be Integrated Into 11 modules. This m arriage, Instigated by McDon n ell, Insures optimized design and better -performance. The other 30 components will be d elivered ind ividually. T he marriage of componen ts into comp atible modules enables t he subsystem to b e quickly divorced from the sp acecraft. Thus, d u rin g t he countdown If a malfunction occurs In a module It can be quickly r emoved and r eplaced. I n fact t h e en t ire Gemini suit m odule ECS can be replaced in 40 minutes. By comparison, In Mercury it required 24 August 15 APPENDIX hours to r emove the carbon dioxide absorption ca nister alone. What is the status of the Gemini environmental control system ? In May, the first m ajor segment -of t h e Gemini environmental control system was shipped to McDonnell, St. Louis for testing. Dick Nelson took personal charge of the shipment. After telephoning several d epartment heads to insure proper p ackaging and shipment, Nelson swung his 6-foot, 6-inch, 220-pound frame around and said, "I feel I'm send ing my first child 011 a trip." Without a doubt, every AiResearcher who h ad nursed the production of teh equipment a long felt t he same way. Today, comprehensive m anned tests are being conducted to prove the operational compatibility of the environmental control system to the man. These tests are being conducted in A!Research, Los Angeles and soon reliablllty and qualificat ion tests will begin in AiResearch's new lab in Torra nce. This new multimillion-dollar facility is replete with clean rooms a nd liigh altitude chambers (capable of simulating 240,000 feet a lt itude). New data acquisition equipment electronically records more than 300 measurements on each test. This equipment enables deta il-conscious engineers to a n a lyze t est d ata In hours when previously it required days, often weeks. The meticulous task of designing, fabricating and testing the Gemini environmental control system Is a carryover from Project Mercury. Much or the technology gained in Project Mercury ECS Is directly applicable to Gemini. As an example, Nelson cites the Gemini testing program: "We are not trying to devise new testing procedures," be said. "E,cperlence enables u s to retain the va.Jld concepts u sed In Mercury and add improvem en ts." "The experience we gained In Mercury has gl ven us confidence In our Gemini work and in systems for the future," says Nelson. And what of the fu t ure ? Our national goal is to la nd a man on the moon. Just as experience galned ..from Project Mercury ls applied to Gemini, so will Project Gemini d ata be applicable to Project Apollo. The Apollo Spacecraft, with an AiResearch environmental control system aboard, will carry three men to the moon. Cost of the Nation's space program rests heavy on the Federa l budget. Today, cost conscious engineers are optimizing the1r design and using their creative ingenuity to minimize development ·costs. Certainly, the carryover experience "from Mercury to Gemini will result In vast savings. Wills.rd E. Wilks, In his new book "The New Wilderness-Wha t We Know About Space" notes that It will require an average of $7 b1lllon a year to accomplish our national space goal. "It Is less than the $7.6 billion Americans spend ~nnually on cigars and cigarettes," be wrote. At first glance the cost of the Nation's space program seems as h1gh as the apogee of Gemini Itself. However, erudite plann1ng on the p art or the Nat ion al Aerona utics and Space Administra tion has kept costs n ominal. Already, nine n ew astronau ts are selected and are ga ining from experiences of the origina l s even. (At a recent Cape Canaveral pre.se conference, astronaut "Deke" Slayton, who is coordinator of Astronaut Activity, quipped to newsmen tha t they preferred to be called the "original" r ather than "old" astronau ts. ) Of the original astronauts Wally Schlrra was assign ed the environm en tal oontrol system as his special assignment. In the n ew grou p, J ohn Young, a Navy pilot, will con centrate on the ECS. But it t.ook one of the " original" sages to place the manned space program in proper perspective. Astrona ut J ohn Glenn said , "But the greatest of all benefits from manned space flight will un dou btedly come from some now-unforeseen discoveries occasioned by man's ability to assess the n ew things he encounters In the unknown." For the present little Is unforeseen or un known. The Nation's space program stands strong, bolstered by legs of ~xperience. Civil Rights by Bishop Andrew Grutka EXTENSION OF REMARKS OF HON. RAY J. MADDEN I OF INDIANA IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Thursday, August 15, 1963 Mr. MADDEN. Mr. Speaker, the following are excerpts from a pastoral letter by Bishop Andrew G. Grutka of the Gary, Ind., Catholic diocese. · Bishop Grutka's diocese ·contains the great Calwnet industrial region of Indiana. It is made up of many nationalities, races, and religions. This great cosmopolitan region for over a quarter of a century has been actively making a sincere effort to practice civil rights. Our area is probably more free from racial agitation than any area in the Nation. ~ Religious leaders like Bishop Grutka, business leaders, public officials, and all segments of business have been making a sincere effort to practice civil rights. The following is a news item on Bishop Grutka's message and also an editorial from the Gary (Ind.> Post Tribune commenting on the message : GRUTKA ASSAILS RACE PREJUDICE IN PASTORAL LETI'ER A pastoral letter Issued today by Bishop Andrew G. Grutka of the Gary Catholic diocese brands racial prejudice and Injustice as heinous crimes against God and man. Divided Into three p arts, the letter follows t he theme of rac!al Justice and charity. It explains Christian teaching, areas of cone.e m, and the roles of the church and the Individual in elimina ting racial d iscriminat ion, preJudlc~. and segregation. The bish op wrote that the letter wasn 't fulfillment of an official duty. "It is rather the expression o! a d eep and painfully felt concern for many sorely tried and shrunefully treated members of our community, Negroes In particular." He cited the fact that Negroes a re pooling resources and energies and enduring hardships to get free exercise of human rights and dignities. He urged "right-thinking persons and practicing Christians" to len d Negroes a h and In this effort. Admitting the message offers no simple or easy solution for the elimination of prejudice, discrimination, or segregation , the bishop said It hopes f or a change in attitude and that Christians will follow the m ean"ing of John 18 :34: "A new commandmen t I give you that you love one another." Grutka explains the unity of t he h u man r ace by r eferences to the teachillgs of the story of creation In the Bible, to statements by Pope Plus XXII, Pope John XIII Md to action of t he bishops of the United States in 1958. The equalit y of all m en , the human dignit y of all m en and the honor of all men are cited In h is explanation. He explains how foreign Immigrants, once r ejected, have been asslm1lated In to our society and are not easily recognized as distinct ethnic grou ps. Then, he writes, "Th e Negro is faced with slm llar challenges in h ousing, employment, �